Creative Writing-Essay Topics For High School Students

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Information Technology Dissertations - Internet Media - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 25 Words: 7527 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Internet Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction Multimedia streaming over internet is getting its revolutionary in the communication, entertainment and interactive game industries. The web now becomes a popular medium for video streaming since the user does not have to wait to download a large file before seeing the video or hearing the sound. Instead, the media is sent in a continuous stream and is played as it arrives. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Information Technology Dissertations Internet Media" essay for you Create order It can integrate all other media formats such as text, video, audio, images and even live radio and TV broadcasts can all be integrated and delivered through a single medium. These applications may require in terms of bandwidth, latency and reliability than traditional data applications to support the growth of multimedia technology in the future [1]. The transportation of multimedia traffic over networks become more complicated because multimedia is becoming cheaper and cheaper and therefore used more and more. Problems with bearing multimedia flows on networks are mainly related to the bandwidth they require and to the strict maximum delay requirements that must be met [2]. This is important when multimedia applications have to provide users with real-time interaction. Because of the rapid growth of Internet usage and the requirement of different applications, the IPv4 is no more relevant to support the future networks. Many new devices, such as mobile phones, require an IP a ddress to connect to the Internet. Thus, there is a need for a new protocol that would provide new services. To overcome to these problems, a new version of Internet Protocol has been introduced. This is called Internet Protocol next generation (IPng or IPv6), which is designed by the IETF [3] to replace the current version Internet Protocol, IP Version 4 (IPv4). IPv6 is designed to solve the problems of IPv4. It does so by creating a new version of the protocol which serves the function of IPv4, but without the same limitations of IPv4. IPv6 is not totally different from IPv4. The differences between IPv6 and IPv4 are including in five major areas which is addressing, routing, security, configuration and support for mobile devices [4]. Like all the development and new inventions, the problems of current Internet Protocol made researcher to develop some new techniques to solve these problems. Even they have tried to make some changes on the current protocol, these changes still didn t help a much. So, at the end the way came to development of a new protocol which is known as IPv6 or IPng. 2.2 OSI 7 Layer Computer networks are complex dynamic systems and difficult task to understand, design, and implement a computer network. Networking protocols need to be established for low level computer communication up to how application programs communicate. Each step in this protocol is called a layer and divided into several layers simplifies the solution. The main idea behind layering is that each layer is responsible for different tasks. The Open System Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model defines seven layers [5]. 1. Physical Layer. This layer deals, for instance, with conversion of bits to electrical signals, bit level synchronization. 2. Data Link Layer. It is responsible for transmitting information across a link, detecting data corruption, and addressing. 3. Network Layer. The layer enables any party in the network to communicate with each other. 4. Transport Layer. It establishes reliable communication between a pair in the system, deals with lost and duplicated packets. 5. Session Layer. This layer is responsible for dialogue control and changing. 6. Presentation Layer. The main task of this layer is to represent data in a way convenient for the user. 7. Application Layer. Applications in this case include Web browsing, file transferring, etc. The Network Layer is the layer that is the most interesting in the context of this project. The following section gives a better view of this layer. 2.3 Network Layer As was mentioned before, this layer is responsible for enabling the communication between any party. The most used method for transporting data within and between communications networks is the Internet Protocol (IP). 2.3.1 Internet Protocol IP is a protocol that provides a connectionless, unreliable, and best-efforts packet delivery system. More details on these network service types are given below [5]. In a connectionless model the data packets are transferred independently from all others and containing full source and the destination address. It is worth mentioning that another type is the connection oriented model. However, the connection-oriented model and its details are beyond the scope of this project and thus will not be pursued in this report. The reader can consult [5] for further information on this type of service. Unreliable delivery means that packets may be lost, delayed, duplicated, delivered non-consecutively (in an order other than that in which they were sent), or damaged in transmission. 2.4 Internet Protocol Version 4 As we know, IPv4 is the current protocol for communication on the Internet. It is the protocol that underlies most communication on networks today, such as TCP/IP and UDP/IP. The largest weakness of IPv4 is its address space [7]. Each IPv4 address only have 32 bits and consists of two parts, defined as network identifier and host identifier [5]. A standard method of displaying an IPv4 address is as decimal value of four octets, each separated a period, for example: 192.168.2.5. Traditionally [6], IP addresses are presented by classfull addressing. 5 classes of address were created, which is A to E. Class A consists of 16,777,214 hosts while class B consists of 65,534 hosts and class C consists of 254 hosts. Class D is reserved for use with multicasting and class E is a block of IP addresses reserved for future use [7]. The class D and E addresses are not used to address public host, so this leaves the rest of the entire range of IP addresses carved up into classes A C. As soon as a site is connected to the Internet, it needs to be given an entire class C. Assuming that many sites only need one or two addresses then this waste over 200 addresses. Once a site reaches over 254 full addressable machines it would need an entire class B, which would waste over 65,000 addresses and so on. This allocation system is obviously insufficient and wastes much of a limited resource. 2.4.1 Header Header is a part of the IP packet[5]. There is a number of fields in an IPv4 header. Below are the some explanations for each field. 2.4.2.1 Version This field (4-bit long) is used to determine the version of IP datagram that is considered. For IPv4 it is set to 4. 2.4.2.12 Internet Header Length (IHL) The Internet Header Length is the length of the header. 2.4.2.3 Type of Service Theoretically, this field (1 octet long) should indicate something special about the protocol. However, it has never really been used. 2.4.2.4 Total Length Total is the le ngth of data in the fragment plus the header. 2.4.2.5 Identification This field is useful for fragmentation only. Its purpose is to enable the destination node to perform reassembly. This implies that the destination node must know which fragments belong to each other, i.e. the source, destination, and protocol fields should match. 2.4.2.6 Offset Offset indicates the point at which this fragment belongs in the reassembly packet. The field is related to fragmentation mechanism and has similar vulnerabilities as the identification field. 2.4.2.7 Time to Live TTL measures the time duration of the datagram presence in a network. This guarantees that no datagram exists forever in the network. 2.4.2.8 Protocol This field identifies the transport protocols, for example UDP or TCP. Since the field contains an arbitrary value that indicates some protocol, encapsulation of one datagram into another (IP tunneling) is possible. 2.4.2.9 Header Checksum The checksum is used to detect transmission errors. However, this field was removed in IPv6. 2.4.2.10 Source Address. This field specifies the source address. 2.4.2.11 Destination Address The destination address (4 octets long) is specified in this field. No attacks related to this field are known. 2.4.2.12 Options The field (variable size) was designed to improve the IP communication. There are several options defined for this field. Among them are: security, source routing, and route recording. 2.4.2.13 Padding The field (variable size) is used to fill the IP header with zeros if the header length is less than 32 bits. 2.5 Internet Protocol Version 6 IPv6 is a new version that is specified in RFC2460 [5] to overcome the weakness of the current protocol in certain aspect. It uses a 128 bit long address field which is 4 times longer than Ipv4 addresses. This size of address space removes one of the worst issues with IPv4 and IPv6 doesnt have classes of addresses. In general, IPv4 and IPv6 have a similar in their basic framework and also many differences. At a first view, there are obviously differences in the addresses between IPv4 and IPv6. IPv6 addresses range from 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 to ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff. In addition to this preferred format, IPv6 addresses may be specified in two other shortened formats: Omit leading zeros Specify IPv6 addresses by omitting leading zeros. For example, IPv6 address 1050:0000:0000:0000:0005:0600:300c:326b may be written as 1050:0:0:0:5:600:300c:326b. Double colon Specify IPv6 addresses by using double colons (::) in place of a series of zeros. For example, IPv6 address ff06:0:0:0:0:0:0:c3 may be written as ff06::c3. Double colons may be used only once in an IP address. The IPv6 addresses are similar to IPv4 except that they are 16 octets long. A critical fact to be observed is that the present 32-bit IP addresses may be accommodated in IPv6 as a special case of IPv6 addressing. The standard representation of IPv6 addresses is a hexadecimal value of 16-bit each separated by a colon. Not only does IPv6 have different address representation, but it also discards the previous concept of network classes. The 6-byte addresses are very popular in the 802 LANs. The next generation of LANs will use 8-byte address space specified by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) [9]. Thus, the IPv6 addresses should be 8 bytes long. 2.5.1 IPv6Header Some of  IPv4 header fields excluded in IPv6, and some of  them has been made optional. As a result of this the packet processing time and packet header size is reduced. The header consists of two parts, which are: the basic IPng header and IPng extension headers. 2.5.2.1 Version Th is field (4-bit long), same as in IPv4 case, is used to determine the version of IP datagram and is set to 6 in the present case. This field is the same in both versions. The reasoning for this is that these two protocols should coexist during the transition period. 2.5.2.2 Flow Label This field is 20 bits long and, as yet, there is no specific functionality assigned to it. 2.5.2.3 Payload Length Only IPv6 has this field. Since the header length is constant in IPv6, just one field is needed. This field replaces IHL and Total Length fields in IPv4. It carries information about the length of data (the headers are not included). 2.5.2.4 Next Header Next Header field replaces the Protocol field in the IPv4 header. 2.5.2.5 Hops limit This field is a hop count that decrements. This field redefines the Time to Life field present in IPv4. 2.5.2.6 Source Address The source address is indicated by this field (16 octets long). No attacks related to this field have been experienced. 2.5.2.7 Destination Address This field (16 octets long) specifies the destination address. No attacks related to this field are known. IPv6 brings major changes to the IP header. IPv6s header is far more flexible and contains fewer fields, with the number of fields dropping from 13 to 8. Fewer header fields result in a cleaner header format and Quality of Service (QoS) that was not present in IPv4. IP option fields in headers have been replaced by a set of optional extensions. The efficiency of IPv6s header can be seen by comparing the address to header size. Even though the IPv6 address is four times as large as the IPv4 address, the header is only twice as large. Priority traffic, such as real time audio or video, can be distinguished from lower priority traffic through a priority field [8]. Based on the [27] experiment, it clearly show the brake-down of the various headers in both IPv4 and IPv6, it is evident that the overhead incurred is minimal be tween IPv4 and IPv6. In theory, the performance overhead between these two protocols is so minimal that the benefits of IPv6 should quickly overshadow the negatives. Table 1: Packet breakdown and overhead incurred by header information 2.6 Streaming Overview In recent years, there has been major increasing in multimedia streaming application such as audio and video broadcast over internet. The increasing number of internet subscribers with broadband access from both work and home enables multimedia applications with high quality can be delivered to the user. However, since the best effort internet is unreliable with a high packet lost and inconsistency in packet arrival, it does not provide any QoS control. This is a crucial part when dealing with real-time multimedia traffic. The multimedia streaming is a real-time application includes audio and video which is stored in stream server and streamed its content to client upon request. The example includes continuous media server, digital library, and shopping and entertainment services. Prior to streaming, video was usually downloaded. Since, it took a long time to download video files, streaming was invented with the intention of avoiding download delays and enhancing user experience . In streaming, video content is played as it arrives over the network, in the sense that there is no wait period for a complete download. Real-time streaming has a timing constraint such that the data are played continuously. If the packet data are not arrive in time, the playback is paused and will cause the in smoothness in multimedia presentation and its definitely annoying to the user. Because of this factor, multimedia streaming require isochronous processing and QoS [10] from end to end view. The lack of QoS has not prevented the rapid growth of real-time streaming application and this growth is expected to continue and multimedia traffic will form a higher portion of of the internet load. Thus, the overall behavior of these applications will have a significant impact on the other internet traffic. 2.7 Downloading Versus Streaming Application Basically downloading applications such as FTP involve downloading a file before it is viewed by a user. The examples of multimedia downloading applications are downloading an MP3 song to an IPod or any portable device, downloading a video file to a computer via P2P application such as BitTorrent. Downloading is usually a simple and easiest way to deliver media to a user. However, downloading has two potentially important disadvantages for multimedia applications. First, a large buffer is required whenever a large media file such as MPEG-4 movie is downloaded. Second, the amount of time required for the download can be relatively large, (depends on the network traffic), thereby requiring the user to wait minutes or even hours before being able to view the content. Thus, while downloading is simple and robust, it provides only limited flexibility both to users and to application designers. In contrast, in the streaming mode actually is by split the media bit stream into separate packet which can be transmitted independently. This enables the receiver to decode and play back the parts of the bit stream that are already received. The transmitter continues to send multimedia data packet while the receiver decodes and simultaneously plays back other, already received parts of the bit stream. This enables low delay between the current data is sent by the transmitter to the moment it is viewed by the user. Low delay is of paramount importance for interactive applications such as video conferencing, but it is also important both for video on demand, where the user may desire to change channels or programs quickly, and for live broadcast, but the delay must be finite. Another advantage of streaming is its relatively low storage requirements and increased flexibility for the user, compared to downloading. However, streaming applications, unlike downloading applications, have deadlines and other timing requirements to ensure continuous real-time media play out. This leads to new challenges for designing communication systems to best support multimedia streaming applications. [12] 2.8 Standard/Protocols for Streaming A good streaming protocol is required to achieve a quality of continuous playback in multimedia streaming over the internet with the short delay when a user downloading a multimedia content over the internet. The streaming protocol provides a service such as transport, and QoS control mechanism including quality adaptation, congestion control and error control. The streaming protocol is built on the top of network level protocol and the transport level protocol. The multimedia streaming protocol is based on IP network and â€Å"User Datagram Protocol† (UDP) is mainly used, despite of some streaming application using TCP. Like TCP, UDP is a transport layer protocol, but UDP is a connectionless transport protocol. UDP does not guarantee a reliable transmission and in order arrival packet. Under UDP also, there is no guarantee that is packet will arrive to its destination [16]. The UDP packet may get lost in the network when there is a lot of network traffic. Therefore, UDP is not suitable for data packet transfer where a guarantee delivery is important.UDP is never used to send important data such as webpage, database information, etc; UDP is commonly used for streaming audio and video. Streaming media such as Windows Media audio files (.WMA), Real Player (.RM), and others format use UDP because it offers speed. The reason UDP is faster than TCP is because there is no form of flow control or error correction. The data sent over the Internet is affected by collisions, and errors will be present. Remember that UDP is only concerned with speed. This is the main reason why streaming media is not high quality. However, UDP is the ideal transport layer protocol for streaming application which the priority is to transfer the packet from the sender to its destination and does not contribute any delay which is the result of the transmission of lost packets. Since UDP does not guarantee in packet delivery, the client needs to rely Real time Transport Protoco l (RTP) [10]. The RTP provides the low-level transport functions suitable for applications transmitting real-time data, such as video or audio, over multicast or unicast services The RTP standard consists of two elementary services, transmitted over two different channels. One of them is the real-time transport protocol which carries the data and the other works as control and monitor channel named RTP control protocol (RTCP) [13]. RTP packets are encapsulated within UDP datagrams. This step incorporates a high throughput and efficient bandwidth usage. The RTP data packets contain a 12 byte header followed by the payload, which can be a video frame, set of audio samples etc. The header includes a payload type indicating the kind of data contained in the packet (e.g. JPEG video, MP3 audio, etc), a timestamp (32 bits), and a sequence number to allow ordering and loss detection of RTP packets [11]. According to the standard [14], the transport of RTP streams can use both UDP and TCP tr ansport protocols, with a strong preference for the datagram oriented support offered by UDP. The primary function of RTCP is to provide feedback on the quality of the data distribution. The feedback may be directly useful for control of adaptive encodings along with fault diagnostics in the transmission. In summary, RTP is a data transfer protocol while RTCP is control protocol. The Real-time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) [25] is a client-server signaling system based on messaging in ASCII format. It establishes procedures and controls, either one or more time-synchronized streams continuous media such as audio and video. The protocol is intentionally similar in syntax and operation to HTTP and therefore hires the option of using proxies, tunnels and caches. RTSP and works well both for large audiences, and single-viewer media-on-demand. RTSP provides control functionality such as pause, fast forward, reverse and absolute positioning and works much like a VCR remote control. The nec essary additional information in the negotiation is conducted in the Session Description Protocol (SDP), sent as an attachment of RTSP appropriate response [13]. The Requirement for Multimedia Application Various multimedia applications have different requirements for QoS describes in the following QoS parameters such as throughput, delay, delay variation (jitter) and packet loss. In most cases, the application of QoS requirements can be determine by the user which are the factors that affect the quality of applications [17]. For example, from experimenting concluded that acceptable quality, one-way delay requirements for interactive voice should be less than 250 ms. This delay includes the value of the delays imposed on all components of the communication channels, as a source of delay, transmission delays, delays in the network and the determination of the delay. There are some factors which affect QoS application requirements such as interactive and noninteractive applications, User/Application characteristics (delay tolerance and intolerance, adaptive and nonadaptive characteristics) and application criticality (Mission-critical and non-mission-critical applications) [15]. The t hree types for this application requirement will be discuss in next section. 2.10.1 Interactive and Noninteractive Applications An interactive application involves some form of between two parties such as people-to-people, people-to-machine or machine-to-machine. An example of interactive applications is: People-to-people application such as IP telephony, interactive voice/video, videoconferencing People-to-machine application such as Video-on-demand (VOD), streaming audio/video Machine-to-machine application: Automatic machine control The time elapsed between interactions is essential to the success of an interactive application. The degree of interactivity determines the level of severity or delay the requirement. For example, interactive voice applications, which involve human interaction (conversation) in real time, are stringent requirements of delay (in order of milliseconds). Streaming (play), video applications involve less interaction and do not require real-time response. Applications streaming, therefore, are more relaxed requirements of delay (in order of seconds). Often applications tolerance delay is determined by users tolerance delay (ie, higher delay tolerance leads to more relaxed delay requirements). Jitter delay is also related to QoS support for interactive tasks. The delay jitter can be corrected by de-jittering techniques buffer. However, the buffer introduces delay in the original signal, which also affects the interactivity of the task. In general, an application with strict requirements delay also has a strict delay jitter requirements [15]. 2.10.2 Tolerance and Intolerance Tolerance and intolerance also one of the key that affect in QoS parameter values require by the user. Latency tolerance and intolerance determines the strictness of the delay requirement. As we already mentioned, streaming multimedia applications are more latency tolerant than interactive multimedia applications. The level of latency tolerance extremely depends based on users satisfaction, expectation, and the urgency of the application such as mission critical. Distortion tolerance to the commitment of the application quality depends on users satisfaction, users expectation, and the application media types. For example, users are more tolerant to video distortion than to audio distortion. In this case, during congestion, the network has to maintain the quality of the audio output over the quality of the video output [15]. 2.10.3 Adaptive and Nonadaptive Characteristics Adaptive and nonadaptive aspects mostly describe the mechanisms invoked by the applications to adapt to QoS degradation and the common adaptive techniques are rate adaptation and delay adaptation. Rate adaptive application can adjust the data rate injected into the network. During network congestion, the applications reduce the data rate by dropping some packets, increasing the codec data compression, or changing the multimedia properties. This technique may cause degradation of the perceived quality but will keep it within acceptable levels. Delay-tolerant adaptive applications are tolerate to a certain level of delay jitter by deploying the de-jittered buffer or adaptive playback technique. Adaptation is trigged by some form of implicit or explicit feedback from the network or end user [15]. 2.10.4 Application Criticality Mission-critical aspects reflect the importance of application usage, which determines the strictness of the QoS requirements and Failing the mission may result in dis astrous consequences. For example: Air Traffic Control Towers (ATCTs): The Traffic controller is responsible to guide the pilot for direction, takeoff and landing process. Life and death of the pilot and passenger may depend on the promptness and accuracy of the Air Traffic Control (ATC) system. E Banking system: The failure of this system may lead to the losses to the bank and user is unable to make an online transaction (view account summary, account history, transaction status, manage cheques and transfer funds online) and to make a online payment ( loans, bills, and credit card) and other transaction. 2.10.6 Examples of Application Requirements Video applications can be classified into two groups: interactive video (i.e., video conferencing, long-distance learning, remote surgery) and streaming video (i.e., RealVideo, Microsoft ASF, QuickTime, Video on Demand, HDTV). As shown in table 2, video applications bandwidth requirements are relatively high depending on the video codec. Video codec Bandwidth Requirement Uncompressed HDTV 1.5 Gbps HDTV 360 Mbps Standard definition TV (SDTV) 270Mbps Compressed MPEG2 25-60 Mbps Broadcast quality HDTV 19.4 Mbps MPEG 2 SDTV 6 Mbps MPEG 1 1.5 Mbps MPEG 4 5 kbps 4 Mbps H.323 (h.263) 28 kbps 1 Mbps Table 2 : Video Codec Bandwidth Requirement [15] 2.11 Packet Delay Delay has a direct impact on users satisfaction. Real-time media applications require the delivery of information from the source to the destination within a certain period of time. Long delays may cause incidents such as data missing the playback point, which can degrade the quality of service of the application. Moreover, it can cause user frustration during interactive tasks. For example, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) considers network delay for voice applications in Recommendation G.114 and defines three bands of one-way delay as shown in table 2. Range in Millisecond (ms) Description 0 150 Acceptable for most user application. 150 400 Acceptable provided that administrators are aware of the transmission time and the impact it has on the transmission quality of user applications. 400 Unacceptable for general. However in certain cases this limit exceeds. Table 3: Standard for delay limit for voice In the data transmission process, each packet is moving from its source to its destination. The process of data transmission usually starts with a packet from a host (source), passes through a several series of routers, and reaches at another host (destination). The packet usually may expose from several different types of delay at each node along the path while it is traveling form one node (host or router) to another node (host or router). The most important of these delays are the nodal processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay, and propagation delay; together these delays accumulate to give the total nodal delay [18]. 2.11.1 Types Of delay As a part of end -to-end route between source and destination, packet is sent from upstream node through router A to router B. When the packet arrives at router A , router A examines the packets header in order to place it in appropriate link. Then router A directs it to that pa rticular link. Processing Delay: This delay requires time to consider the package of header and to determine the direction of the packet is part of the processing delay. Processing delays may include other factors such as the time needed to check for errors in the bit level package that occurred in the transmission of the packet of bits from upstream unit to router A. delays in processing high-speed routers are usually in the order of microseconds or less. Then nodal processing, router directs the packet that precedes a link to router B. Queuing Delay (buffering): On the queue, a packet experience queue delay, as it waits to be transferred to the link. The queue delay of a package, will depend on the number of previously-arriving packets are pending and awaiting transfer to the link. The delay of a certain packets can vary greatly from the packet to the packet. If the queue is empty, and no other packets are being transferred, then the packet, the queue delay is zero. On the o ther hand, if the traffic is heavy and many other packages are also ready to be transferred row will be a long delay. In queue delays may be on the order of microseconds to milliseconds in practice. Transmission Delay: Assuming that packets are transmitted in first-come-first served (FIFO) manner, as is common in packet-switched networks, our packet can be transmitted only after all before the packets are sent. Denote the length of the packet by L bits, and denote the transmission rate of the link from router A to router B by R bits/sec. The rate R is determined by the transmission rate of the link to router B. For example, for a 10 Mbps Ethernet link, the rate is R = 10 Mbps; for a 100 Mbps Ethernet link, the rate is R = 100 Mbps. The transmission delay (also called the store-and-forward delay, is L/R. This is the amount of time to push (that is, transfer) all the packets of bits into the link. Transmission delay, typically on the order of microseconds to milliseconds in practic e. Propagation Delay: Once a bit is pushed into the connection, it needs to spread the router B. The time required to propagate from the beginning of connection to the router B is the propagation delay. A bit propagates the speed of propagation of the link. The propagation speed depends on the physical link (ie, fiber optic, twisted pair of copper wires, and so on) and is in the range of 2 †¢ 108 meters/sec to 3 †¢ 108 meters/sec which is equal to, or slightly less, the speed of light. The propagation delay is the distance between two routers divided by the propagation speed. That is, the propagation delay is d/s, where d is the distance between router A and router B and s is the propagation speed of the link. Once the last bit of the packet propagates to node B, it and all the preceding bits of the packet are stored in router B. The whole process then continues with router B now performing the forwarding. In wide-area networks, propagation delays are on the order of milliseconds. If we let dproc, dqueue, dtrans, and dprop denote the processing, queuing, transmission, and propagation delays, then the total nodal delay is given by dnodal = dproc+ dqueue + dtrans + dprop. The contribution of these delay components can vary significantly. 2.11.2 End to end delay Multimedia streaming require bound to bound delay so that multimedia data packet can arrive at the client in time to be decode and played. The definition of end to end delay for a streaming system. Ti is the transmission time of packet i from the server. PLi is the play out time of packet i in the player. Ai is the arrival time of packet i. If packet i arrive in time, it is used for the playback. However if packet i does not arrive in time, it cannot used for the playback and will cause a multimedia dropout problem. The outcome of the multimedia dropout is a deprivation of the multimedia playback because the streaming buffer does not have enough playtimes in which the conten t can be played. Furthermore, if the multimedia packet arrives too slowly and beyond a delay bound, then it will not be used in real time playback. As a result, such a packet are rendered useless even though they have successfully arrived at the client and such multimedia data packets are waste of network resources, and create a congested network traffic [10]. 2.11.3 Delay Jitter Multimedia streaming require a bound end to end delay in order to provide a continuous and smooth multimedia playback to users. However, the end to end delay may varies with the network condition. Therefore it is unpredictable and difficult to control. If the end to end delay is not bounded, it will causes a delay jitter problem. Figure 9 above shows the packet arrival time in the client buffer. PLi is the layout time of packet i while Ai is the arrival time of packet i to the client buffer. EAi is the expected arrival time of packet i. This is related to the end to end delay of a streaming packet tra nsferred from the server to the client. The delay can be defined as the difference between the arrival time Ai and expected arrival time EAi, i.e. Ji = |Ai EAi| The delay jitter problem complicated the synchronization problem between packets from a single media stream, or between packet from a different media stream. When there is too much delay jitter when streamed over the network renders the stream is useless when received by the client and this leads to degradation in the QoS. This is because it is difficult to re-adjust the timing relationship between multimedia packets from the same/several media stream so as to ensure a synchronized playback of information. The conflicting goals in minimizing delay and removing delay jitter have engendered various scheme capable of adapting a delay jitter buffer size that match the time varying requirement of the network delay jitter removal [10]. There are several techniques to deal with with delay jitter at the receiver end [12]. As shown in Figure 10, the packets travel through the network and experience different end-to-end delays, reaching the destination with timing distortions (incomplete or delayed signal) relative to the original traffic. For example, in technique A, the receiver playbacks the signal as soon as the packets arrive. The playback point is changed from the original timing reference. This introduces distortion in the playback signal. In technique B, the receiver playbacks the signal based on the original timing reference. The late packets that miss the playback point will be ignored. This also introduces distortion. In technique C a de-jittered buffer is used. All packets will be stored in the buffer and held for some time (offset delay) before they are retrieved by the receiver with the original timing reference. The reliability of the signal will be maintained as long as there are packets available in the buffer. Large delay jitter requires large buffer space to hold the packets and smoo th out the jitter. A large buffer may lead to large delays, which will be eventually constrained by the application delay requirement. In summary, there is a tradeoff between the following three factors: de-jittered buffer space, delay requirement, and fidelity of the playback signal. The other alternative is by using gateway and data method for minimizing the increase of delay by dejitterizing [20]. A gateway for interconnecting two network, may comprised: a receiver for receiving from a first network a plurality of data units in at least one form; a controller for temporary storing the data units received by the receiver and for outputting the data units on the basis of the dejitterizing capability of destination terminal served by a second network, thereby reducing jitter among delays of the data units; and transmitter for sending data units to the output by the controller to the destination terminal through the second network. 2.12 Quality Of service (QoS) And Technical Issues in Multimedia Networks QoS is used to describe overall experience an application or a user will receive over network and usually referring to network operator or Internet service provider (ISP) commitment in providing and maintaining acceptable value of parameter or characteristic of user application requirement and user expectation [16]. Providing QoS guarantee sometimes can be difficult in networks that offer best effort service such as internet. IP does not guarantee about when data will arrive, or how much data it can deliver. â€Å"According the recommendation of the Telecommunication standardization sector of International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T), Quality of Service is defined as â€Å"the collective effect of service performance which determines the degree of satisfaction of a user of that serviceâ€Å"[21]. QoS has become an issue when designing multimedia streaming system. QoS parameters have to be presented in all components in such systems, from an application to a communication lev el in order to insure a certain level of QoS to a user. An element of a generalized QoS framework have been identified such as OoS principles, QoS specification which is capturing applications QoS requirements, and QoS mechanisms which provide desired end-to-end QoS. As we already mentioned, a different system such as application and network is formulated in different parameter. Thus it is a crucial to interpret user/application QoS into network. Like in video streaming, it has different bit rates and a relation between bit rate of a stream and required bandwidth to carry the stream is obvious e.g. the higher bit rate, the higher bandwidth is needed. These applications have tight resource requirements and can benefit from non-interference to provide forms of progress guarantees. Video stream places high demands for QoS, performance, and reliability on storage servers and communication networks. The necessary traffic management components to support QoS are [22]: Admission control: The admission control component takes into account resource reservation requests and the available capacity to determine whether to accept a new request with its QoS requirements. Scheduling: The scheduling component provides QoS by allocating resources depending on the service requirements. This requires mapping the user-defined QoS requirement to resource allocations for providing the service. Resource management: QoS can be provided using over-provisioning of a network, which increases the cost incurred by the provider. Efficient resource management is a cost-effective solution for the provider and it ensures that applications will get the specified QoS during the course of its execution. Congestion control: Congestion control is required to avoid anything bad from happening inside a network domain. Some applications may not follow the standard protocol description and try to steal resources, thereby deteriorating the QoS of other applications. Mechanisms are needed to recover from congestion and control flows accordingly. Policing/Shaping: Users might send traffic at a rate higher than the agreement. Policing is necessary to monitor these situations, and shaping makes the traffic smooth and reduces its variations over time IP version 6 also includes QoS measures which were developed for IP version 4 but the principles are most the same. QoS makes use of both the Traffic Class and Flow Label headers to categorize network traffic into different priority groups [29]. The Flow Label header is used to uniquely identify a â€Å"flow† of IP packets, such as those belonging to a specific connection. Each flow label is unique per Source and Destination address pair. This allows QoS levels to be requested on a per-flow basis, rather than per individual packet, giving the potential for the sender to request special handling for time-critical data [28]. 2.12.1 End To End QoS Service Level Service levels refer to the end-to-end QoS capabilities, which means that the ability of a network for providing specific services required by the traffic on the network end or alongside. The services vary in their level of quality of service discipline, which describes how the service can be bound by specific ban dwidth, delay, jitter and loss characteristics. There are three levels of QoS services and can be categorize as follows [15] [23]: 2.12.1.1 Quantitative (Guaranteed Services/IntServ) Quantitative (guaranteed) services also call hard QoS, ensure the provision of the quantitative application requirements. The main protocol that works with this architecture is the Reservation Protocol (RSVP) which has a complicated operation and also inserts significant network overhead [26]. This is an absolute the reservation of network resource for specific traffic. The services guaranteed to ensure the performance of network (i.e. bandwidth, delay, delay jitter), in statistical terms or deterministic. For example, networks to guarantee the minimum bandwidth provided to guarantee an application or bound to delay the delivery of packages within a certain value and suitable for applications that guarantee overall performance as mission critical and interactive applications [15]. 2.12.1.12 Qua litative (Differentiated Services/DiffServ) Qualitative (differentiated) services, also called as soft QoS, provide statistical preference not a hard and fast guarantee. DiffServ architecture is more flexible and efficient as it tries to provide Quality of Service via a different approach [26]. Some traffic is treated better delay to one class of applications than to another class of applications. An application that belongs to a higher priority class will receive service before applications that belong to a lower priority class. 2.12.1.13 Best Effort Services (Lack of QoS Service) Make the greatest efforts to provide network services, without any guarantees of performance. All traffic treated equally. Service is adequate for data traffic such as FTP, e-mail and web pages. It does not require a minimum bandwidth or time delivery. 2.13 QoS Parameter Certain applications can tolerate some degree of traffic loss while others cannot. All these requirements are expressed using QOS parameters which are usually grouped according to several criteria. The Qos parameter below may relevant in multimedia application: Throughput (bandwidth) Delay Delay variation (jitter) Packetloss 2.13.1 Throughput (Bandwidth) From the application point of view, throughput or bandwidth basically refers to the data rate (bits per second) generated by the application. Throughput is measured in the number of bits per second. Bandwidth is considered to be the network resource that needs to be properly managed and allocated to applications. The throughput required by an application depends on the application characteristics. For example, in a streaming video application, different video properties generate different throughput (see table 1). A user can select the video quality by varying the following video properties such as frame size (pixel), frame rate (number of frame per second), colour depth (possible colors represented by a pixel) and compression (MPEG1, MPEG2, MPEG4) [15]. 2.13.2 Delay As we already discuss in section 2.11, Delay has a direct impact on users satisfaction. Real-time media applications require the delivery of information from the source to the des tination within a certain period of time. Long delays may cause incidents such as data missing the playback point, which can degrade the quality of service of the application. The delay consists of four types which is processing delay, queuing delay, transmission delay and propagation delay (refer to section 2.11.1 for explanation). 2.13.3. Delay Variation (jitter) As we already covered about this subtopic, refer to section 2.11.3 for explanation. 2.13.4 Packet Loss Packet loss has directly impact the overall quality of the application. It undermines the reliability of data or disrupts the service. At the network level, packet loss can be caused by network congestion, which results in data packets. Another cause of the loss is caused by bit errors that occur because of a communication channel noise such as in a wireless medium channel. There are several techniques identify to recover from packet loss or error such as retransmission packages, the correction of errors in t he physical layer, or codec to the application layer, which may offset or conceal the loss [15]. 2.14 Congestion-Management Congestion management use marking on each packet to determine in which queue to place packets, mechanisms queuing algorithms each interface must have a queuing mechanism to prioritize transmission of packets.â€Å"Queuing algorithms take effect when congestion is experienced. By definition, if the link is not congested, then there is no need to queue packets. In the absence of congestion, all packets are delivered directly to the interface† [23]. Congestion may occur at any point where there re-points of speed mismatches, aggregation or confluence, queuing manages congestion to provide bandwidth and delay guarantees. Congestion management is sophisticated queuing technology, there are algorithms of queuing or congestion management QoS features: FIFO (first in, first out) PQ (priority queuing) WFQ (weighted fair queuing) WRR(weight round robin) 2.14.1 FIFO (First-in-First-Out) First-in-First-Out (FIFO) is probably the simplest queuing strategy: all packets are stored in a single queue in the order of their arrival and are served sequentially, regardless which QoS requirements they have. FIFO provides best effort service [15] and there is no service differentiation is possible and, therefore, no advantage can be taken from the lower QoS demand of tolerant traffic in order to increase the link utilization [24]. 2.14.2 PQ (priority queuing) PQ ensures that important traffic gets the fastest handling at each point where it is used. It was designed to give strict priority to important traffic. In PQ, each packet is placed in one of four queues—high, medium, normal, or low—based on an assigned priority. Packets that are not classified by this priority list mechanism fall into the normal queue [23]. The queues with higher priorities are served exhaustively before queues with lower priority. In particular, the tail of the waiting time distribution can be non-exponential because a majority of high priority traffic can delay low priority traffic extensively [24]. 2.14.3 WFQ (weighted fair queuing) Weight Fair Queue schedules packets based on the weight ratio of each queue [15]. â€Å"WFQ is one of Ciscos premier queuing techniques†. It is a flow-based queuing algorithm that creates bit-wise fairness by allowing each queue to be serviced fairly in terms of byte count. For example, if queue 1 has 100-byte packets and queue 2 has 50-byte packets, the WFQ algorithm will take two packets from queue 2 for every one packet from queue 1. This makes service fair for each queue: 100 bytes each time the queue is serviced [23]. WFQ ensures that queues do not starve for bandwidth and that traffic gets predictable service. Low-volume traffic streams which comprise the majority of traffic receive increased service, transmitting the same number of bytes as high-volume streams. WFQ is d esigned to minimize configuration effort, and it automatically adapts to changing network traffic conditions. [23]. 2.13.4 WRR (weight round robin) Round Robin (RR) takes turns for servicing its queues and every queue receives the same share of bandwidth. With WRR, weights are assigned to the queues and some queues can be served more frequently by prescribing. a serving cycle. The network capacity is shared among queues 0 and 1 with a ratio of 2:1 by using the serving cycle 0-0-1. If a queue has nothing to send, the next queue in the cycle is served [24].

A College Essay Doesnt Have To Be Plagiarized

A College Essay Doesn't Have To Be PlagiarizedEvery year, a large number of understudies commit similar errors that school paper literary theft understudies make. These mix-ups can possibly have tremendous outcomes later on. The following are four things you have to know whether you will compose a decent school essay.Writing your own exposition is a generally excellent thought. In any case, only one out of every odd understudy has the opportunity to plunk down and compose an article all alone. That is the reason it's a smart thought to discover a composing amigo. It's far simpler to compose something when you have another person giving you a hand. On the off chance that you would prefer not to go down that street, you can discover a written falsification school article master that can show you how to appropriate without you doing any of the writing.You will consistently need to incorporate three to five sentences that sum up the purpose of your whole passage. This will permit your pe rusers to get a smart thought of what your paper is about. You ought to never remember multiple sentences of data for a solitary passage. This will leave a great deal of space for them to be duplicated from different sources. Furthermore, you ought to never utilize a whole section that is duplicated from another source.Writing with a proposal articulation can assist you with abstaining from including a great deal of new data to your exposition. Rather, you should just expound on the realities of your topic. On the off chance that you have been looking into for quite a while on your subject, you'll need to remember your decisions for your own decision with the goal that you would then be able to compose an 'endnote' to back up your thoughts.When composing a paper, it's essential to consistently utilize the correct word. The main thing you have to know is the manner by which to recognize a scholastic and an easygoing word. The word 'scholarly' ought to consistently be utilized instead of words, for example, 'simple'simple.' If you end up in a scholastic composing circumstance, it's critical to utilize the term 'scholarly' rather than 'academic'academic writing'Using the best possible research is vital to composing an article that isn't counterfeited. On the off chance that you plan on utilizing research, you ought to consistently utilize sources that have a strong notoriety. Do some looking through online to discover genuine sources. Far and away superior, you can likewise discover which sources will cost you the most. Sources that cost you the most are generally the best sources since they have a reputation of being the best.Finally, recollect that unoriginality is a genuine wrongdoing that could place you in a tough situation with the law, so it's ideal to be cautious in all parts of your school article. Peruse your paper before you submit it and be certain that you don't have any syntactic or spelling blunders. In the event that you wind up in a circumstance where you need to alter a piece, recollect that there are a lot of language structure books accessible to help you.While copyright infringement is a difficult issue, written falsification school paper can be maintained a strategic distance from on the off chance that you comprehend what to search for. With these tips, you ought to have the option to stay away from these issues before it gets past the point of no return.

Help Reviews Are an Easy Way to Build Trust

<h1>Help Reviews Are an Easy Way to Build Trust</h1><p>Writing help audits is an extraordinary method to associate with your potential customers. Lamentably, a great many people have definitely no clue about what they need and consequently you should have the option to establish a connection. By utilizing some essential English language structure manages, this assignment is fairly simple to accomplish.</p><p></p><p>When composing an assistance control for your customer, you will find that the principal purpose of contact is that they as of now have with a previous business or expert. Your main responsibility is to be an individual association and take them back to where they are by and by. You ought to remember watchwords for your composition and portray the workplace and comforts. All things considered, regardless of how great the business might be, on the off chance that you don't specify how it functions, they will never be interested.< /p><p></p><p>Then, when expounding on a customer, you should incorporate their administrations, cost and area. You ought to likewise incorporate any unique conditions that they offer or even recommendations on how they could be enhanced. By including these highlights, you show that you regard their assessments and that you care about what they need to say.</p><p></p><p>Writing assist audits with canning in some cases be befuddling. When attempting to fabricate trust, you will need to be as honest as could be expected under the circumstances. Now and again, they might not have contact data for you to send them a note to say thanks. If so, catch up with them so they realize you truly value their advice.</p><p></p><p>The lion's share of customers, paying little mind to the kind of business they are engaged with, like to get an expert voice. Regardless of how great an organization's administration might be, they can't work adequately without a sound correspondence system. Your point ought to be to cause them to feel that you are something beyond a business associate.</p><p></p><p>There are various apparatuses you can use to compose your assistance surveys. You can use your composing aptitudes to make definite articles, utilizing your business title as the focal point of the record. The title of your assistance surveys ought to be clear and brief, advising perusers what kind regarding business you offer.</p><p></p><p>Writing assist audits with canning end up being a test in the event that you don't set aside the effort to figure out how to appropriately compose. When you have increased a strong comprehension of the structure of composing help audits, you can utilize it to create and improve your own composing capacities. You will locate that each time you compose an assistance survey, you will discover some new information and show signs of improveme nt at it.</p><p></p><p>Writing assist audits with canning be an incredible method to interface with your future customers. It is a chance to tell individuals that you care about their sentiment and that you esteem the work they do. You ought to likewise feature your past work encounters and tell individuals how you can be of help to them.</p>

Should You Write About Your Mother In A College Essay?

<h1>Should You Write About Your Mother In A College Essay?</h1><p>You've quite recently wrapped up a brilliant article and need to know whether it's OK to expound on your mom in a school exposition. It's a loosely held bit of information that undergrads are frequently fixated on their folks. Some of the time, they're willing to do nearly anything to satisfy their folks. While guardians consistently have the final word on their children's conduct, this doesn't mean they can assume all the praise for your accomplishments.</p><p></p><p>You've composed an incredible article and you think you have to utilize the data you found in the article to make a school paper. In the event that you do, at that point you'll have to ensure that you utilize the data in the article accurately. The more blunders you make, the less significant the data becomes.</p><p></p><p>You need to ensure that the data you find in the article is all arou nd looked into and from a legitimate source. This implies you should utilize web crawlers to discover an article about your mom and read it. At that point, you should start to look into the creator. Remember that it's basic for journalists to expect the best of their folks. Sadly, that is once in a while the case.</p><p></p><p>After you read the article, survey it and ensure you comprehend the most significant realities about your mom. Approach your mother for data, yet be mindful so as not to be excessively pushy. A few guardians are impervious to surrendering their protection. You can move toward your mother in an increasingly unpretentious manner. Disclose to her you couldn't imagine anything better than to examine what she said in the article with her and that she should don't hesitate to ask you any inquiries she has.</p><p></p><p>Don't stop for a second to urge your mother to keep her sentiments about what you wrote in the articl e. Most guardians need their children to succeed. They will do nearly anything to support them. Yet, it's essential to tell them that you'll speak the truth about their child rearing style and that you anticipate that them should be as truthful.</p><p></p><p>Moms can do genuine school papers. You may find that this article will open up new entryways for you. Furthermore, that is something worth being thankful for. Your mother has just given you an important blessing by sharing her recollections. Exploit that and make sure to thank her.</p><p></p><p>Remember that in the event that you expound on your mom in a school paper, your mother will be glad for you. She's constantly keen on history and she'll be satisfied that you set aside the effort to explore what she said. She'll additionally welcome the way that you utilized her considerations to make an amazing bit of composing. You owe it to her to disclose to her how incredible she is. Ye t, you likewise deserve to do it right.</p>

Understanding Samples of Essay Writing Pdf

<h1> Understanding Samples of Essay Writing Pdf </h1> <p>To do this, you need to set your article looking fantastic so far. Enticing expositions should be persuading, this may be to purchase a called item or perhaps to gain to activity. In certain examples, a theme may as of now be provided. For a start, the run of the mill application article themes need you to utilize language that is completely liberated from language imperfections and syntactic missteps. </p> <p>In numerous occurrences, use of first individual isn't worthy. The inquiry isn't generally looking for your supposition. In the occasion you have any squeezing questions, you don't need to stay away. Maybe it might be an inquiry, or an exceptionally basic statement.</p> <h2> If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Samples of Essay Writing Pdf</h2> <p>You are sure to be provided with many decisions for perusing free on-line theses. There are, also, some free locales that offer you the opportunity to peruse thesis tests. Maybe while attempting to discover models you saw poor examples all around the web. Perusing other exposition tests will drive you to understand that in case you're feeling disheartened, it will pass. </p> <p>Thus, you're finished everything with a stunning level of accuracy. The region of data innovation gets increasingly significant every day. It's feasible for you to complete a stunning work! It was a strenuou s procedure navigating many sites to make sure about you the absolute best interchange tests. </p> <p>Don't be worried about various them being somewhat dynamic their basic role is to uncover to you the fundamental rules that you'll be able to move to your own composition. In this way, our point is to give you the absolute best instruments you should succeed. In this way, another work-life balance system has been concocted for Probuild. The fact of the matter is to ensure you impart your data in the most reasonable manner conceivable. </p> <h2> The Nuiances of Samples of Essay Writing Pdf</h2> <p>This area contains two instances of phenomenal school expositions. To help you plan, here are a couple test articles. For the absolute initial segment, you will consistently be mentioned to create an exposition, as it's the sole choice gave. Since you are keen on getting the article to convey the absolute best data about you, you need to do intensive grou ndwork for the example school confirmation papers to achieve its motivations. </p> <p>If you wish to be confessed to nursing school, you will need to create a why I should be a medical attendant paper. You should simply indicate on the off chance that you need your exposition to be conveyed. There are different sorts of papers that I would expect the majority of you are as of now familiar with. </p> <p>The list gives off an impression of being everlasting. Our website is effectively the most beneficial spot for a thoroughly free exposition download. When you've decided the point of your exposition, you will comprehend what data must be incorporated and the way that it must be introduced. </p> <h2> The Foolproof Samples of Essay Writing Pdf Strategy </h2> <p>The development of the work aptitudes helped the association in getting the serious advantage. The social insurance industry can be very serious. Particular sorts of work in the food administration industry require resumes with heaps of exactly the same aptitudes. Composing a resume for work in the craftsmanship business can be troublesome. </p> <p>Thus, the article should harmonize with the candidate's characteristics and interests with the goal for it to support the chance of confirmation. The issue tended to is of worldwide nature especially when it is viewed as that instructions i nfluences each young person. Third, understudies will observe the dangers and negative impacts that could rise in case of inappropriate sexual conduct. A few understudies essentially need time in view of extraordinary conditions. </p> <p>Lots of individuals aren't extraordinary at composing. They will in general pick various subjects of what their identity is and attempt to depict them all. Consistently I see individuals asking for two or three pennies in the city so they can help their closest and dearest. </p> <p>When you've composed your supporting considerations and realities, return and ask yourself whether you couldn't want anything more than to create a short early on section. At the point when you have responded to that question, you are set up to go. An exposition plot is a lot of thoughts and thoughts identified with the subject issue. Starting with fascinating truth about your subject will surely get the intrigue it needs. </p>

Great Topics to Write a Persuasive Essay

<h1>Great Topics to Write a Persuasive Essay</h1><p>When I was in school, one of the extraordinary themes to compose a powerful article on was the impacts of criminal equity strategies. On the off chance that you can offer explanations behind why certain approaches in the criminal equity framework bode well or look great, the intensity of your exposition might be a lot more prominent than it shows up. In all actuality most understudies at all levels and in any subject will in general acknowledge the effectively acknowledged 'certainties' about our general public. So as to persuade others that there is another side to a given issue, we have to start by testing their opinions.</p><p></p><p>This article will assist you with pondering an incredible powerful paper subject for the best outcomes. The primary thing you have to do is make sense of what subjects you can expound on. For instance, the themes could be points in which to do inquire about a ll alone, subjects that can make you a superior individual, or points where you can utilize the abilities that you have learned in some structure or another. It is critical to see precisely how this procedure functions before you get started.</p><p></p><p>While you are pondering subjects, you additionally need to consider the length of the themes. This truly relies upon the individual composing the paper. It is frequently suggested that you make the length short and spotlight on the principle thought or realities in the exposition. Most understudies concur that an exceptionally short exposition is more powerful than a long one.</p><p></p><p>While it might be a smart thought to give models, it is a poorly conceived notion to give one model for each theme. Subsequently, it is a smart thought to compose two articles. Along these lines, you will just need to peruse one preceding the other one is expected, sparing you both time and energy.& lt;/p><p></p><p>The following stage in the process is to make a draft. While this progression is discretionary, it is very useful on the off chance that you are sure about your capacity to compose a powerful exposition. For some understudies, this is where they let down their guards and permit themselves to get defenseless. While this is frequently something worth being thankful for, it ought not be done each time you have to do look into on a topic.</p><p></p><p>Once you have a powerful paper subject, the time has come to start composing. In spite of the fact that it might appear to be simpler to utilize streak cards or whiteboards, numerous understudies incline toward penmanship. This is on the grounds that the hand composing takes into account an immediate association between the thoughts you need to pass on and the musings you need to express.</p><p></p><p>The last advance during the time spent thinking of an e nticing exposition subject is to rehearse. Work on composing however much as could be expected on a similar theme. This will assist you with finding your voice and develop as a writer.</p>

Malta - sustainable destination development - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 34 Words: 10051 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Tourism Essay Type Descriptive essay Did you like this example? Introduction To understand what an exactly tourism management specialization is and have awareness what I am studying at school I had to first understand what is nowadays tourism and how to manage it. It is important for me that I have good understanding of what I am writing about and what is the area that I should base my project. Let me specify what tourism is and connected to that tourism management in order to continue and narrow down the research problem. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Malta sustainable destination development" essay for you Create order Everyone in our lives was tourist at some point, and to define what tourism is can be difficult. Tourism is when people travel no more than one year to different environment for leisure, business or other purpose. Tourism is a dynamic and competitive industry that requires the ability to constantly adapt to customers changing needs and desires, as the customers satisfaction, safety and enjoyment are particularly the focus of tourism businesses. Tourism management is mostly about setting a plan or a solution for problem of course within tourism sector. It is about taking the decision regarding to our aims and resources. Tourism is one of the biggest earning incomes in each of the countries around the world. It is important to manage it well to changing needs mentioned before. Tourism industry include: transport, accommodations, food and beverage, establishments, shops, entertainments and events, activity facilities, and a variety of hospitality service providers who deliver service to individuals or groups traveling away from home. Tourism product is not produced by some organization, specific people or group, or governmental agency; rather, it is defined as â€Å"a satisfying visitor experience.† Tourism definition is about every activity and experience that a tourist meets during his or her entire trip away from home. As this project has to be based on my internship experience that I had in my second semester I want to give a touch of information where I have been and what I did. In year 2010 I had great opportunity to have my work placement in 5 stars Corinthia St. Georges Bay Hotel situated in small but exotic country Malta. I was working in different areas beginning from food beverage, events planning, weddings and finishing at front desk. This time gave me big competence how hotels work, and how hospitality is important. Finally I could implement my knowledge from school in to practice and having a great start for my future career. Destination Malta is a small island situated in the bottom of south Europe, lies in a strategic position, between Europe and North Africa. Lack of natural resources, the strength of Malta, hasalwayslied squarely with its geographic position and the island has a checkered history of foreign rulers from the Phoenicians, Romans, Normans, Arabs, Spanish, Knights of St. John, the French and lastly the British. The island was a great fortress economy, with a 150-year reliance on the British armed forces. Post independence, in 1964, the island sold itself and became manufacturing hub, particularly in the textile and surprising the electronics industry, and bolstering its nascent tourism industry. In the early 1990s, the island became EU membership, and starts developing its services industry and reduces the reliance on the tourism sector. Malta became a member of the European Union on 1 May 2004 and accept the Euro currency on 1 January 2008. In accordance with the accession to the EU, new know ledge-based activities were spawnedsuch as financial services, remote gaming, information and communications technologies, and aviation services increasing the clout of the island state. Well positioned after the international recession, Malta want to stay competitive and attract foreign investment with a variety of professional services, low costs, save and stable investment climate and fiscal advantages. Corinthia St. Georges Bay I would like to give you some of the information about the hotel that I had my internship in. Internationally luxury hotels in such a destinations like: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Libya, Malta, Portugal and Russia. Created by the Pisani family of Malta in the 1960s, the Corinthia brand stands in that proud tradition of Mediterranean hospitality and its signature services communicate the ‘Warm smiles, Inspired Flavours and Pleasant Surprises of its Maltese heritage. All Corinthia hotels feature beautiful conference areas, extensive leis ure and business tourist facilities, and are each renowned for their uniqueness of character. Corinthia Hotels portfolio includes two award-winning properties: The CorinthiaHotelBudapest, Hungary winner of Europes ‘Best Hotel Architecture Award and member of ‘The Most Famous Hotels in the World andCorinthia Hotel Prague in the Czech Republic the first hotel ever to win Best Gastronomy Concept in the Czech Republic and a recipient of the ‘5 stars and 6 stripes designation from renowned US reviewer Seven Stars and Stripes. The Corinthia Hotels portfolio also features the elegant Corinthia Palace Hotel and Spa and the splendid Corinthia Hotel St Georges Bay in Malta the one that I have been, The superior five-star CorinthiaHotelTripoli, Libya, the modern Corinthia Hotel Lisbon in Portugal and the renowned CorinthiaHotelSt. Petersburg, Russia. Malta issue In my internship report project I had to find and solve problems, or find some innovation connected with the hotel that I worked in, or area within the tourism industry. One of the problems in hotel was communication. I found out that minimum 75% members of Corinthia St. Georgs Bay hotel who are building service for the customers in fully booked 250 rooms do not speak more than 2 languages. What we can officially read on the main website of the Corinthia St. Georgs Bay hotel is that languages spoken at the hotel are: English, French, German, Spanish, Russian, Italian, Danish, Portuguese, and Romanian. It surprised me the most, because this is not only the problem of communication inside the hotel but also outstanding lack of professionalism which is simply giving customers lies. While taking care about communication problems in a Corinthia St. Georgs Bay I also noticed that motto to all of employees sounds: smile, greed and eye contact. Human communication consists of 93% body l anguage and paralinguistic cues, while only 7% of communication consists of words themselves so it includes exactly hotel motto, which was not used by member staff properly. In conclusion, my internship report was based on solving the communication inside the hotel. This problem didnt occur only in Corinthia St. Georges Bay hotel but also in almost every different hotel around Malta. Weak communication between hotels, bad organization, lack of information for tourists, uncertainty of guests, mistakes that leads to misunderstanding. It gave me big sign that there is a lot of work to do, to implement better strategy to do not lose customers, and develop Malta in such a way that problem of communication will disappear. In such a way that hotels will more cooperate with each other, support tourism industry when they have the same goals and take care about social benefits. It requires a lot of dedication from citizens and government, so I will try to find the way to make it real. As I am a tourist management student I dont want to solve hotel problem. I would like to find some more challenging issues, so I would like to undertake sustainable Malta development. For that I will use just example of my hotel as one of the many similar amenities around the island to understand what benefits they can have or actions they have to take in order to achieve success. Sustainable development of destinations is about managing the visitor impact on a local destinations economy, social fabric and physical environment in a way which benefits everybody, residents, businesses, landowners and visitors alike, both now and in the future. These principles can be applied to all tourism destinations notably small islands with unique fauna and flora and to all areas and forms of tourism whether niche or mainstream, rural, coastal or urban. The best way of looking at this complicated relationship is through the idea of place shaping or place making, the principle that everything in a place is linked thats why I mentioned about communication problem that appear on the island. This is particularly the case with the complex range of components that make up any visitors unforgettable experience and the best time in Malta. So from small problem this was communication and bad connection, not only in Corinthia St. Georges Bay but around hotels in Malta general, the cooperation is weak, and to make it better the idea is that we need to involve all actors on the island for together cooperation. Group project Malta development and repair the links in the service chain so not only hotels but also citizens, natural environment and economy will have benefits from sustainable development. What exactly sustainable development is and the whole idea behind this words I will explain in later chapter. Before that, I would like to make problem formulation which will be the main road ahead my project. Problem formulation Malta is no longer good competitor in the basic sun and sea package, due to the much extended offers by larger and often newer destinations which could handle higher expectations of visitors. For Malta the basic sea and sun concept was not enough to handle the pressure of other holiday destinations and could not stand its own ground. It was clear therefore that what had basically fuelled the growth of the Maltese industry in the last decades could no longer sustain the growth and development of the industry. Malta therefore had to think creatively and to innovate in order to rejuvenate the Malta tourism offer. Having in mind that Malta situation is bad and to make it better, I tried to create the cooperation of all actors on the island with sustainable destination development to beat the competition and rejuvenate nowadays position, but at the same point keeping the safety of natural environment which will be supported by local community and group working of Malta services. In orde r to do that I came up with problem formulation which will help me to solve or particularly give an idea how Malta could stand up again. In conclusion, this report is going to be based on solving the following problem formulation: How sustainable destination development of Malta can interconnect all social area and tourism industry, in order to innovate unique experience on the island, and rejuvenate the Malta tourism offer, without destroying the natural environment? In order to help me to solve this main problem, I think that is going to be really helpful if I consider some sub questions in this project. What is sustainable development? How we can connect social area together with tourism industry if its possible? Why Malta need rejuvenation? How to protect the nature ? To help me answer these sub questions I will use different types of models and theory. Relevant sources of information and critically chosen secondary data. The way I will structure my project and get better understanding of my vision you can see in methodology part. Therefore a major fraction of secondary data includes carefully chosen web-pages and provided academic papers, such as specialization books. Methodology The paper is divided in sections. Following this introduction, the dependence of SIDS on tourism is briefly described. Section 3 assesses the economic impact of tourism on the Maltese economy, while section 4 deals with environmental impact of tourism on the same islands. Some preemptive and corrective measures for the promotion of sustainable tourism are suggested in section 5. Section 6 concludes the paper with the optimistic note that tourism itself is sharpening our awareness of the evils of environmental degradation, and this could be conducive towards the adoption of sustainable tourism policies and measures. Sustainable tourism Sustainable tourism is very often considered as keeping the balance between economy and environment concerns. It is clear that economic activity has an impact on the environment and that this has feedback effect on the economy itself. This is especially true in the case of tourism, which makes use of environmental resources. This is especially true in the case of tourism, which makes use of environmental resources. Tourism depends on good looking and well kept surrounding environment which is pleasant and attractive to tourists, and negative environmental impacts caused by tourism itself, could destroy the image of the tourism destination in the long run. Sustainable tourism may be regarded as developed and managed tourism that remains viable in the long run and does not degrade the environment in which it exists to such an extent that it prohibits the successful development of other activities. This project deals with the issue for small island states in the developing count ry (SIDS), Malta. In many small developing island degradation of natural environment caused by tourism is commonplace. However, many SIDS may not be a form of ongoing activities to other, more environmentally friendly actions that are not associated with serious economic difficulties. The paper therefore takes in to consideration preemptive and corrective measures to find solution between the bad sides of environmental degradation and the benefits of economic growth and development. Sustainable tourism development does not only protect the environment it shows us the proper consideration of host peoples, communities, cultures, customs, lifestyles, and social and economic systems. It is tourism that can give benefits to those who are on the target site, and that does not destroy and degrade the milieu in which they live and from which they must earn a living after the last tourist has flown back home. It is tourism that renovate the material life of local communities, without the loss of traditional employment systems, acculturation or social disruption. Thus tourism is brought within the debate on sustainable development in general. Sustainable tourism development takes into consideration three main points: The necessary interactions between the environment and economy Long-term time scale. Inter nad intra-generational equity ensuring the needs of modern society without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. From my own observations, sustainable tourism, as described above is new idea, and it is important to fully understand it in the tourism industry, as the concept and its consequences. Many people still define sustainable tourism mainly with tourism growth. Sustainable tourism development seems to be one of the main priorities of the current tourism policies. It is not only a goal to bring the number of visitors or build the required number of hotels and destinations. Quality versus quantity is still a painful decision and compromise in the tourism industry goes usually with words more and bigger is best. Promoting Malta as an experience Malta had to base its product on something different from the basic availability of sun and beautiful sea which will always feature in their offers. History of Malta became very interesting due to the all Mediterranean happenings that had influence on Maltase culture background. Malta in fact has the oldest freestanding man-made structures, older that pyramids in Egypt, made in stone in the world and can pride itself on 23 known pre-historic temple sites as well as a whole chain of other structures, remains and buildings. The Maltese have a mixed cultural profile with an Arab based language. Malta is located exactly in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea and is an island that has influence from east and west. Malta has also the uniqueness of having two official languages Maltese and English. Malta also features in the Acts of the Apostles as an island that was converted to Christianity in AD 60 which is documented in the said Acts of the Apostles. Malta therefore could claim to have a variety of unique features that together could create a special value offer that could lead to a whole series of specific products that can attract to different segments of the market as well as to specific niche markets that are looking for something specific to do in visiting a particular destination. Malta is not a big island and it is important that visitors will not only rise the number of guests in hotel but also frequenting the whole Malta attractions. In fact visitors will feel as part of the local culture and taste the local life where the population becomes on of the elements in experience product. This is synonymous to saying that visiting the destination amounts to an exposure that is much broader than the limited interest that one might have started with in choosing Malta for a destination. Therefore, we should not promote Malta as a destination but we should start promoting it as an experience. This implies that the value provided to the visitor derives from the experience and not just from the services consumed. Promoting Malta as an experience creates opportunity to competitive with other tourism destinations and attracts different market segments. Before Malta can be an unforgettable experience it requires lot of changes in development and society area. To change the way Malta is received by tourists, we need to look on Malta situation over the years, and have in mind that if something goes wrong, we can lose Malta clients once again as this had Maltese tourism statistics This table shows number of tourists visiting Malta till 1999 year. In this table we can clearly see that Malta over 40 years has become a very popular tourism destination and from year to year the number of tourist has been increased very quickly. In 1999, the number of visitors to Malta amounted to 1,214,230 of which about 85 percent were stay over tourists and the remaining percentages were cruise passengers. The amount of incoming visitors has increased rapidly between 1960 and 1980, as can be seen in Table 1. There was a relatively large decrease in tourist inflows between 1980 and 1985, but the numbers picked up rapidly again during the last half of the eighties and the nineties. Densities The number of tourists staying on the island becomes even three times more than population and makes big density on the island which can be roughly translated into 30 thousand tourist staying for a whole year, given that on average, each tourist stayed in Malta for about 9.1 nights. This is equivalent to about 8% of the population, and, as expected such high densities exert heavy pressure on the environment and infrastructure of the Maltese Islands, where population density is already extremely high, with about 1200 persons per square kilometre. Visitors nationality The most important market for Malta tourism is Great Britain that set up the number of 34 % of all visitors. The second largest market is Germany, which contributed some 17% of tourists to Malta in recent years. Also a major tourism market to Malta was Italy, France, North Africa and the Netherlands. In recent years there was a tendency for the percentage of British tourists to decrease. At present there is an attempt to attract more tourists from North America. Socio-economic background To get a great holiday in Malta, unfortunately we have to spend large sums of money. National Tourism Organisation pointed out that the prices of attractions are too high and decrease the motivation of tourists that wants to visit Malta. They also showed that prices of tour operators offer are lot more expensive compared to similar countries such as Greece and Spain. Due to this fact the decreasing number of tourists coming to Malta has been noticed, just because tourists cannot afford it. National tourism organisation surveys results for the British market indicate that a large proportion of Summer tourists (51% in 1993) were managers, directors or belong to the well paid professions. It would appear therefore that Maltas tourists are not typically low income earners. Seasonal Pattern Malta tourism is very seasonal, the majority of inbound tourists arriving in the May to October period in 1999, reached about 82 % of tourists arrived during these months, including 46% arrived during the shoulder months and 36% during the summer months (July to September). The remaining 18% arrived during the November to Jan period (the Winter months). This of course means that the problem of tourist density in summer is even worse. Maltese tourism authorities are trying to attract tourists to Malta during the winter, even if they success there will be no reduction during the winter. Average Duration of Stay In recent years, the average stay per tourist was about 9.4 in 1995 to about 9.1 nights in autumn 1999. It was about 13 days in the seventies and has fallen to 12 nights in the eighties. The overall average length of stay concealed significant differences between groups of tourists. Tourists, who are usually in a 3-star hotels and resorts, stay longer than other categories of hotels for accommodation. The shortest stays pertain to tourists in 5 star hotels so also Corinthia St. Georges Bay which has really big prices and are mainly focused on higher class of community at the same time keeping the low experience in the hotel and basic their luxury only on amenities as service failed due to the clients expectations.. Tourist Accommodation The number of tourist establishments in 1999 was 246 it is a big number including hotels, restaurants and amenities around the island with 40191 tourists. Tourists usually choose 3-star (51 hotels) and 4-star (34 hotels) category, with a share of about 77 percent of the total available hotel beds. Middle class could afford it and these kind of hotels had the biggest income. Five star hotels accommodation accounted for only 14 percent, really low number of total hotel beds. However government focused on building more 4 and 5 stars hotel to attract and change the offer of luxury hotels to increase the low percentage in these accommodations. In 1999 the average annual occupancy rate in all establishments was around 58 percent. As is the case with the length of stay, the overall occupancy average conceals considerable variation between different types of accommodation and different seasons. In 1999, the highest occupancy rates were for 4 star hotels (with 80%). while the lowest were f or 1 star hotel with 14%. In the summer months occupancy rates tend to be almost twice as high as they are in the winter months, and in August of that year they overall average might have exceeded 90%. Actually I could see this during my internship and compare what kind of people visit 5 stars hotel and what their expectation of holidays are focused on and I would say that around 50% of guests were not satisfied. Economic Contribution The direct contribution of tourism to the economy can be measured in terms of its contributions to GDP, to the balance of payments and to gainful employment. In recent years, tourists are spending directly contributed about 15% of the gross domestic product Malta and 25% of the proceeds of foreign currency for goods and services. Malta is a multiple analysis of tourism, tourism seems to indicate the costs are usually higher leverage, where the majority of exports, due to tourism-related value-added production is relatively high. Tourism also contributed to the national economy through international transportation, as the large number of tourists of the domestic airline Air Malta used in regular and charter flights to car rentals. In recent years, transportation costs, which is related to tourism, about 5 percent of foreign exchange inflows from exports of goods and services. There are no statistics on the full contribution of tourism to employment in Malta published. As already mentioned, it is not easy to determine, as the contribution of tourism expenditure creates jobs in nearly all sectors of the economy. However, it is known that in 1999, the hotel industry, which agreed in Malta almost exclusively on the development of international tourism, about 9,000 jobs, which represents 6 percent of the total economically active population. This, of course, does not represent all the jobs generated by tourism. LldMB the total amount will be 21000, provided that the employment generated by tourism as the ratio of total employment in the important contribution of tourist expenditure (including transport) to GDP. 6. At present, tourism does not contribute as much as the production of the Maltese economy, in terms of income and employment..However, the economic contribution of tourism is growing while that of ¸ manufacturing is declining, and it is quite possible that within a decade the share of GDP originating from tourism will overtake that originating fr om manufacturing. Unfortunately, the Malta Tourism Authority to us sometimes resembles the planning office in the old Soviet bureauracy. Good in production statistics to better identify problems and what the future will bring, but something is not bleak, as the targets set by them. Holidays in Malta and tourism is an important source of employment in Malta, and perhaps, with an unemployment rate above 8 per cent drop in tourists no long-term threat to the economy of the island magic. With official figures showing worrying signs that the number of tourists visiting Malta in 2006 are similar, perhaps even down from 2005 may be an opportunity for island flights operating system from the United Kingdom seems to have dropped all the important summer season. Holidays in Malta and tourism is an important source of employment in Malta, and perhaps, with an unemployment rate above 8 per cent drop in tourists no long-term threat to the economy of the island magic. Malta development To take a closer look on Malta situation, the most suit model of destination development is Butler model. The aim of this model is look at destination how they develop and grow. Tourism industry is very dynamic as any other and can change rapidly. Therefore, the Butler Model is a way of studying tourist resorts to see how they change to current demands and trends to stay on the market. These changes can then be compared to the predictions as shown on the model. We can see the similarity of what was happening in Malta when the destination was becoming popular and had more visitors each year. Malta popularity was growing and as a tourism destination achieved success. The problem appears now when Malta has stagnation time, and has to take some actions in order to rejuvenate and stop decline process. Unfortunately what Butlers model is missing is being more specific and shows to low outside factors that can also have influence on a destination. But from the latest news that was stat ed on official Malta webpage what we can read is: Unfortunately the Malta Tourist Authority to us sometimes resembles a planning office in the old Soviet bureauracy. Good at producing statistics, excellent at identify problems and what the future needs, but failing miserably to deliver anything like the targets they set. Holidays in Malta and the related tourist sector are a major source of employment in Malta, and with unemployment running at over 8 per cent any fall in tourists could spell long term damage to the islands economy. With official figures showing worrying signs that the number of tourists for 2006 visiting Malta could be similar, or perhaps even down from 2005, the opportunity for the island to have low cost flights operating from the UK appears to have slipped by for the all important summer season. Holidays in Malta and the related tourist sector are a major source of employment in Malta, and with unemployment running at over 8 per cent any fall in tourists co uld spell long term damage to the islands economy. Destination development as a plan not only refreshes the tourism offer but has to convince that the whole product needs to be supported by any other operators. Specially this process connects and creates a bound with the stakeholders. Both local suppliers, as well as international distributors in the market will have benefits if they will stay behind the plan. This is being achieved in some way but this process is long and is not completed yet. The change also needs to convince local community to act as a Malta product and help in order to achieve together goals. The problem is that the local community is the host and the tourist is the guest and the communication and service between them needs to be open to spread the experience and genuine hospitality. The public authorities are being integrated in this process. It is good that actions has been taken to warn the local by Malta Tourism Authority since 2000 and regular meeting s are organized with the public authorities, both local and central. This process has to be refreshed each time to ensure and remind how support from partners is important. The distribution element is very significant. The good point is that Malta tourism operators are much more aware of what they could offer and more responsive comparing to traditional tour operators. The government has the idea that they could not only serve usually offers to visitors but could focus on experience of Malta which can be shown in different manner and can be associated at the same time. Malta has developed a Web site that is very popular and easy to use for each of the guests. Currently www.visitmalta.com is visited by 4 000 persons per day, who on average download ten pages each. Also a corporate Web site has been I am sure that this is big process of innovation. Malta need to forget about old style tourism product and change the way of distribution, refresh the offer and change the position o n the market. However, tourism is a service that people creates when they travel to get the service that they pay for. Social dimension is very important if Malta want to turn its product to unique experience. Not only are people involved as suppliers and as clients but the whole social aura actually provides the context within which the product can be designed and the delivery determined. The soft element of the infrastructure is therefore of absolute importance. The process was started in 1999 but it is still very much in progress. Malta is currently facing a problem of a misunderstanding between what government manages to promote and what they manage to deliver. Clearly this innovative process is not deep enough and the social dimension of new strategy has not yet been fully understood. Malta should try to obtain as much help among the various stakeholders in the tourism industry. The Government of Malta is providing leadership by developing the strategy. A main purpose is to fin d the way to engage in as much education and motivation as possible to have guaranteed that this innovative process and the management of change required does take root. The challenge is great but the change is necessary. Small islands states and tourism It is known that small islands states are much more depend on tourism more than larger countries do. The reason for this could be that when we compare two different states, small islands economy has much more tourism-related activities than others. Islands like Malta are trying to expand export markets in sells, but it is not successful as these countries wish to be. Looking from different perspective, the natural environment including unique climate and landscapes of Malta gives some advantages in tourism activities. Because of this reason, government set up tourism as priority, and tries to get as much as they can from Malta potential by taking care of the most for them industry. Government can promote campaigns, build new hotels and other tourist facilities, and upgrade flights connections as also sea roads for cruises with other countries. In island like Malta big sector of employment is much more depend on tourism such as hotels, restaurants, airports, seaports, transport, travel agencies, souvenir shops and restaurants, or the agriculture like fishing, banking, printing, or public sector and it is hard if all of the activities where tourists come with contact will be received as an experience. The large proportion of tourism-related employment in SIDS means that a large proportion of national income originates directly and indirectly from tourism, and this, in turn, induces further income, giving rise to a multiplier effect. Tourism is also economically important because it is a source of foreign exchange and cultural changes within the country. There are also a number of strength sites which are not directly economic, but which have influence on the prosperity of the local population. For example: renewed interest in local arts and crafts, improvements in educational, leisure, communication, medical and other facilities in the host countries, a general awareness of the man-made and natural aesthetic assets, and a broadening in the outlook of the islanders However tourism in small islands seems to lead in a number of wrong economic effects. One of the effects is foreign control of tourism and tourist related activities. The income of tourists is often under the control by foreign tour operators, who often have enough negotiate power to decide on the matters related to tourism in the host countries and recommend customers different destination. Also Malta does not always have capital for new establishments and some of them are owned by foreign companies, and this may lead to developments which are not in the long term interest of the island itself. Malta is also can be the capital for new enterprises, some of which are owned by foreign companies and this may lead to development unfortunately it wouldnt lead to long-term interests of the island. A related problem is that tourism is an industry depends on the whims and fancies of foreign tourists and they can be influenced by popular press and opinions from foreign tour operators who can have significant power to change malta look. Other economic threats are often associated with tourism in any country, but are the most important part of small islands because of the relatively high reliance on this form of economic activity, seasonal unemployment and the rapidly increasing land prices, often accompanied by land speculation. The Environmental risk Impact on the environment because of their small size, and in many small island developing countries are relatively high risk, even in the absence of tourism, mainly due to pressures from economic development. Many islands are rapidly degraded agricultural land, which is usually accompanied by an increase in demand for housing, entertainment and industrial buildings. Economic development contributes to increased demand for resources, some of which are non-renewable sources. Moreover, emphasis on economic development, are also faced with problems of small island developing states geographical and natural features. Typically, they are unique and sensitive rare ecosystems, as a result of its island location makes these islands as a contribution to global diversity is much greater than in relation to their size. The instability of the ecosystem has been created as a result of their low resistance to external influences. The islands are relatively large banks in connection with the e arth. In this way that a large part of the country is liable to wind and waves, which leads to relatively high levels of beach, rocks and soil erosion. Many of these threats to the environment are getting worse. International communication, for example, requires the absence of tourism, but an increase in traffic due to tourism in connection with the heavy burden placed on many islands. Airports and ports in the islands take a very large area, in relation to the amount of space, which is high blood pressure in land and air. Contribution to the case of aircraft, boats also significantly affects the sound of virtually the entire population of the islands. Large quantities of waste from tourism activities are relatively heavy loads, often only a stones throw from the tourist centers. This poses a threat to health (such as creating habitat for rats and other vermin, and toxic substances, leakage of the tank) and reduces the aesthetics of the place. It is particularly important for small island developing States is the fact that tourism is mainly from coastal states of nature. Many of the charming fishing villages on small islands in the tourism industry has changed, and many mangrove swamps have been destroyed, many beautiful beaches, polluted water, fuel, emissions and quieter coastal areas disturbed by noise of maritime trade. Although the island can be considered as a whole, as well as coastal areas, also face particular problems in the interior. For example, on islands, where ecotourism is recommended (as is the case of Malta), the distance is so short that it is ecologically significant areas easily accessible for tourists who do not have a particular interest in environmental issues, and thus may be unintentionally, to treading vegetation, sensitive face of this rare species. On the islands, where cultural tourism helps, as in the case of Malta, considerable wear damage caused by the frequent visits by tourists. Another problem is small size relat ed to density. Many islands experience a high density of tourism in relation to population and area. The concept of sustainable development is very important in this regard, as small islands, usually quickly reached the threshold, unless irreversible damage to the natural ecosystem. However, there are cases in which tourism can actually lead to environmental protection. The reason is that tourism will create more awareness of the country and be attractive, that the air must be clean, and what should be contaminated. In the case of many small island developing States, and not the day the order of civic cleanliness campaign to keep a clean island is often necessary to place more attractive for tourism. More importantly, perhaps, force dependence on the tourism authorities of the island in more serious view of planning, monitoring and market incentives to take, just because it would in the absence of such mechanisms, the negative impact of tourism on the environment in the long run des troy the tourism itself. Such risks and benefits of tourism, of course, not at the same dose in all small island developing States, as the different islands have different characteristics. Some of them were isolated and further than others, some less than others, a little more knowledge about the environment, sensitive than others, and some of their place of countermeasures against them. The next two sections, the concrete experiences of small island nations in the world in developing countries, and Malta, are described. The impact of tourism on the Maltese environment Although, as noted above, the environment in small islands, cannot be placed at the entrance of destination, it cannot be denied that tourism development regard to this is a big problem. This section lists the key areas where the environmental impacts of tourism are evident. Increase in demand for building Construction of tourist accommodation, in particular, hotels, units, increase in speed due to intensive development in some areas. St. Pauls Bay Area and Sliema St Julians areas have been completely transformed, because of such a development. Other negative results include the development of intense noise created during construction, large quantities of waste and dust from the ruins of buildings and earthworks. The newly developed tourist facilities, and sometimes make the whole village, have also removed habitats of the Maltese countryside. You can also add the negative impacts associated with aesthetics, especially in the case of new concrete high-rise buildings which have replaced beautiful traditional Maltese houses. Moreover, since the limestone is widely used in construction, support for mining activities has led to an ugly scar in many parts of the Maltese islands, in addition to causing significant damage to the environment of natural habitats and aquifers. Increased production of waste The sewage network in Malta is very heavily taxed by the native population alone. Relatively large number of tourists increases the problem. The result is that in recent years, people in the bay were closed to swimming due to sewage contamination. This resulted in considerable inconvenience to the bad smell and an inability to swim in the bays, and perhaps more importantly, which suffered damage to marine life and coastal areas and contribute to the accumulation of toxic substances in marine organisms. Problems arise also from household wastes This is a very big problem in Malta, and tourism has of course accentuated it. One of the most common in Malta, overflowing bins, a large area of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹waste within walking distance from residential areas. More use of environmentally dangerous products The development of tourism has contributed to the increased use of environmentally damaging products such as plastic containers and toxic gasses emissions from cars, power plants and a barbecue. In addition, the increase in noise levels from cars, airplanes, boats, air-conditioning, effluent, and so on. High tourist densities As mentioned above, Malta is very densely populated, with or without tourism. Tourism has increased the use of transport, beaches and other recreational and cultural facilities. This cluster not only causes inconvenience to residents, especially those living in tourist areas, but more adverse events, including beach habitat destruction (especially the sand dunes), trampling on fragile habitats in the country side, and over-visitation rates in fragile archaeological sites. A note on the environmental impact of non-tourism economic activity on the environment is in order here. Although tourism is often associated with environmental degradation, it should be noted that the lack of tourism activities have a negative impact on the environment too, and thus the definition of environmental damage that tourism can not be alternative forms of development. In Malta, for example in the production of its dependence on technology, fuel and water, sometimes it can be more harmful to the environm ent of tourism. Repair of ships, which uses a significant amount of blasting and the agricultural sector, the dependence on pesticides and cause irreversible damage to the environment in Malta. It should be noted that any economic activity is environmentally neutral and tourism is not always a must in this case. VICE model VICE A model for sustainable destination management A model of sustainable development, management appointed an alternate model defines sustainable management as fair use interaction between visitors, an industry that serves them, the communities that host and their effect on the collective response of the environment It is the job of the sustainable destination manager to make sense of their own specific set of local VICE circumstances and, through an array of collective partnerships, harness this collective energy to create a destination management plan which aims to: welcome, involve and satisfy Visitors achieve a profitable, prosperous and high-quality Industry engage and benefit all host Communities protect, reflect and enhance the local Environment. The VICE concept is extremely simple and can be used by agencies, businesses and government as a means of making tourism an integral part of sustainable development, recapturing a sense of local community control, resilience, financial independence and pride that will improve both the local quality of life and the visitor experience. The model combines the basic directions of Destination Management (research, development, quality control, marketing, etc.) from the four stakeholder groups: users, industry, society and environment. Although based on a fixed format, vice-model is very flexible. Its evolution, and the result will depend on the degree of involvement of stakeholders and level of detail the objectives and actions set out in the process. After many threats, and this list is not exhaustive, it is important to note the number of positive aspects of the impact of tourism on the environment. Visitors This is potentially more difficult to obtain, because the band consists of many different types of users (date, place of residence, business, etc.), most of whom are not residents, which is closely related to the purpose and interest for the future. The best way to attract visitors is trough the program, which aims to inform visitors about the sustainable management and to involve them participation whenever is possible. It can be as simple as a few key messages in the leaflet or complex as a complete package (including visitors, on average, the interpretation of the information, return visitors and accreditation), associated with every aspect of communications strategy objectives. Tourists arriving in Malta are often more aware of environmental problems of the local population. Storage of waste and debris in residential areas of the beach a large population of tourists to Malta. Construction without fear of the aesthetic and environmental protection is more common in the reside nce of the national tourist and hotel complexes. Most tourists visiting Malta, comes from Western Europe, where economic resources and strengthen public awareness has allowed residents to pay more attention to environmental protection than in the case of Malta. Community For a permanent destination, all communities should participate fully. Some routes are already well-developed network of tourist attractions that combine the interests of community networks in the industry or the establishment of community based tourism to ensure that dialogue. Interaction with local and parish councils and elected, the minimum level of contact with the managers of destination should have. Certain traditional arts and crafts of the Maltese Islands, such as lace making and filigree work, have been revived because of demand from tourists and it shows the awareness of cultural heritage. Malta is famous for its rich historical and archaeological value, which first appears on a large-scale tourism cannot be sufficiently appreciated. Things are even more admired by tourists and residents, probably because the local population to accept this inheritance for granted. Environment Whatever setting the destination enjoys, urban, coastal, rural, or a combination, its heritage and landscape environments are without doubt its most important resource. Managing the impact of tourism and visitors to these core activities is an important duty of any changes to the assignment operator to a sustainable future. Managing the impact of tourism and visitors to these core activities is an important duty of any changes to the assignment operator to a sustainable future. In Malta, the degree of dependence on tourism as a business grows, of course, that these actions have a significant adverse impact on the environment. The economic benefits which Malta derives from tourism are formidable and the question at issue here does not therefore relate as to whether or not Malta should continue to derive income and generate employment from tourism, but rather, how best to reduce the damage caused by this type of economic activity. The remedies often suggested in this regard relate to the development of alternative forms of tourism or through certain preemptive and corrective measures. Industry When starting from scratch it is important to begin with the local industry as they are essential in delivering key elements of sustainable destination development, including: implementing sustainable business operations within the sector disseminating visitor information programmes spreading the use of local produce helping strengthen messages about quality and local distinctiveness helping to deliver visitor management programs. Like many other small island developing countries, the Maltese tourism authorities and the operators in the industry, try to get as many tourists, perhaps, no matter how much space for profit remains in the host country and pressure on infrastructure and the environment. Admittedly, the Maltese authorities attempt to attract more high-income tourists by, amongst other things, allowing more five-star and four-star hotels to be built and restricting developments in other categories. Although the Maltese authorities trying to get more tourists with higher incomes, among other things, allowing five stars and four stars hotels to be built and to limit changes in other categories. However, that structural changes in the influx of tourists is not significant in the near future, as described below. The question arises, how Malta could reduce depending on their weight or mainstream tourism, and to promote alternatives such as cultural tourism, eco-tourism, retirement, tourism, health. However relying on this form of tourism alone is unlikely to be viable. Most tourists who come to Malta state categorically in the various surveys carried out by the NTOM that they visit the islands mostly because of its Mediterranean climate, and its sea and sun. Also, Maltas dependence on foreign tour operators conditions the quality of its tourist inflows. In all tourist brochures, Malta is sold as a sea and sun destination, with the cultural heritage as an added bonus. Maltas climatic endowments sell, and, as is well known, these attractions appeal mostly to what one may call â€Å"mainstream† tourists. One is tempted to conclude therefore that, at least in the Maltese Islands, alternative forms to mass tourism are attractive only if they supplement traditional tourism and if they enhance the potential of the island as a tourist resort. Another factor that should not lead to a significant influx of tourists Malta diversity refers to the structures of existing hotels a nd tourist facilities, which focus mainly on tourism as a whole. Does not make any sense for the government and existing hotels which working on the basis of the driving force behind profits operate at very low load. Finally, it may not make much political sense for the government of Malta to adopt measures which will reduce tourism inflows, knowing that from each tourist there is at least a small net contribution to the islands GDP and gainful employment. Eventually, there will be a slowing down of the rate of increase of tourist inflows, but this will not probably be the result of a pre-determined government policy, but rather an outcome of the constraints arising from the carrying capacity of the islands. These realities by no means contradict the argument that mass tourism is associated with certain environmental dangers and negative social impacts. The trust of the argument here is that given the attraction of mass and â€Å"mainstream† tourism on economic grounds, preemptive and corrective measures to reduce its negative impacts may be more meaningful and operationally useful than policies to reduce the inflows. Self-regulation Self-regulation can be a resource to reduce the negative as presented environmental impacts of tourism. As mentioned above, is in the interest of the tourism industry to protect the environment, and thus an incentive to industry to prevent environmental degradation. Moreover, in some cases, companies make significant financial savings through the promotion of good environmental practices such as washing towels only upon request, time switching an air conditioning. But experience gained in the Maltese Islands has shown that self-regulation is not sufficient only to provide adequate environmental protection. This is especially true when such protection is against private profit maximization, since they often does. It would be wishful thinking to expect, for example, that operators on the beach do not support the structure on the beach, where there is no control by the authorities. This is a case of state intervention, ie various forms of planning and control of direct control. Legal management and planning in small island states, where land is one of the most limited resources, are constrained by law, such as land use is necessary. In Malta, these restrictions in recent years under the plan have been created to regulate development. The structure plan is a legally binding document, which not only recognizes the serious competition for land in the Maltese islands, but also near active measures to improve environmental conditions and other measures for the effective use of resources and quality of life in the islands. Not necessarily related to tourism development plan in a prominent place in the structure. Currently, there is a general consensus that in Malta in the planning of tourism activities are needed, especially since there is growing concern about the impact on the environment. Impact Assessments The project is by definition a general statement of policy, but in many cases, specific activities, from design to evaluation. It may be necessary to examine some proposals for individual projects in the beginning to minimize the risk of conflict between the individual project and overall objectives of the plan. Environmental and social impact assessment can be for this purpose. Such assessments should include a description of possible direct impact on the environment and society as well as indirect and induced a description of the alternative locations that can be used for the same project. Exercise also suggests that, as a negative impact on the environment and society can be mitigated. Exercise that the involvement of experts from various fields, including life sciences and economic needs the negative impact should be weighed on the positive economic impacts. Such research is particularly important for projects with tourism, where a number of factors are involved, including land use, environmental protection, transportation planning and related social impacts. Since the adoption of this provision to limit development that harms the environment. This requirement has led to what has been described as unacceptable bureaucratic delays, and there is a feeling of dissatisfaction with the developers, whose applications have been in very long waiting list of prisoners. Setting standards and monitoring Many environmental problems in the tourism sector are exisitng because of lack of standards and unaffecting monitoring. Certain activities should be regulated and controlled, either because it could harm a number of unforeseen circumstances or to improve knowledge, can the requirements of environmental protection, increasingly stringent over time. Monitoring the quality settings and the number of standards and codes of conduct in the first place, as in the case of tourism, such as the creation of levels allowed in some tourist beaches, maximum contaminant level (as a result of waste, fuel consumption and noise) and so on. The monitoring exercise would then involve assessing the degree of compliance with these standards and codes by theindustry itself in a self-regulatory regime and by the public authorities in a command and control framework. Assuming that the standards can be enforced, but they can provide rigidity changes depending on the circumstances and the law in this area in order to ensure flexibility, depending on the environment and other circumstances. For instance standards can be varied as waste disposal becomes more efficient, or as public transport becomes more efficient and can effectively replace hired private transport.Minister of the environment can use Environment act to make regulations setting objectives, directives and codes of practices relating to all human activity which affect the environment. This law act play an important role in promoting awareness of environmental problem, although it does contain a lot of problems with implementation, in particular organs. Some policies are difficult to implement, either because of lack of staff or lack of police facilities to properly assess and monitor. There may also be lack of will to enforce certain standards due to the negative impacts on business. In Malta, enforcement problems are now probably the main reason why environmental degradation still takes place at what to many is an unacc eptable level. The legal and institutional set-up is sufficiently developed, as was shown above. Internalising Costs Since the rules are not always effective, especially since the camera requires a lot of bodies, and that it expects from private companies that voluntarily adopt environmentally friendly processes, mechanisms must be created in order to market to limit the damage in the environment. Instruments such as taxes, charges, sums market for carbon and others can be used to alter the real prices and also include environmental costs. For example, a tax on emissions may be the price the government will take into account charges for collection on the beach. Unfortunately, such tools are not widely used in Malta. The main advantage of these methods is that the incentives for producers of pollution activities in a manner that should ensure efficient allocation of resources for the economy and promote their sustainable use. They also provide an impulse for the technologic improvement to limit pollution activities. Charges also represent a source of revenues which can subsequently be used to offs et subsidies for environmentally beneficial activities or to manage environmental resources. Finally, they foster the awareness that pollution and environmental services do have a cost, even if this is not usually demonstrated in market price.Again, there is no guarantee that market forces will lead to desired results. First, they may require assessment methods, based on many assumptions and preparation of proxy variables. If market-based methods, such as the sale of pollution rights are limited, there is no problem any fixing of rates for the central government. If the taxes and charges imposed, there is a risk of disruption due to lack of knowledge about environmental costs. Spreading the Impact As above one of the problems with the flow of tourism in small island is that the proceeds are usually concentrated in some areas and for several months. Focus on the Maltese islands, it is very clear and serious threats to the environment. This suggests that if the impact could be spread, the carrying capacity of the islands would be less taxed, and the environment less threatened. It can however be argued that this need not be the case, since the negative impacts of tourism would then be spread in areas which are yet unspoilt and the host community would not have a â€Å"quite† season during which it can recoup its energy. Conclusion This project presents the main economic and environmental impacts in Malta island and it can be used as an example for other destinations. It is shown that the economic benefits of tourism are often very large. It was also found that the negative impact on the environment in small islands is relatively large, mostly due to low carrying productivity and high density. The aim of sustainable tourism development is not as easy to obtain and often leads to a very tight rope. This paper argues that the policy of restricting the flow of tourists did not have much support   with the exception of very concerned about the environment in the island, where most of the national income, foreign exchange inflows and employment are generated by tourism and tourism related activities , and where tourism growth played a significant role in ensuring a decent level of economic prosperity for its citizens, although in this case, significant environmental damage. It was therefore suggested t hat there is the need to find ways of reducing environmental damage without threatening the short-run economic well-being of the host country. Several methods of preventive and remedial action for this purpose have been described, even if it is proved that their success cannot be guaranteed. Planning and impact analysis, setting and monitoring standards and internalization of environmental costs, are likely pace of environmental damage to a halt but, like all other sectors, tourism and the environment is never neutral. Hotels are always effluent discharges, tourists will always add to the geography of the island, where space is very tight, air, land and maritime traffic on the basis of air pollutants from the smoke and noise. Fortunately, tourism, being natural resource based, has quickly made us all more appreciative of the services that are offered by the environment. As goods, such as clean air, clear seas and quite spaces, which were previous abundant and free, become scarce as a result of demand by tourists, we tend to become more and more aware that environmental degradation is a great loss, not only in terms of long run or sustainable development, but also in terms of current wellbeing. When government will decide to implement sustainable tourism development strategy in order to protect the nature, but at the same time still develop the destination to attract more tourists we can use Corinthia St. Georges Hotel as an example on the background of other amenities around the Malta to find out what benefits or loss they could get. The best way to find out what effect more restricted plans will have on hotels is SWOT analysis. It can show us the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for hotels when environment will be the main subject. Strenghts The strengths that hotel could get are much more superior than only actual opinion on the market. Corinthia hotel at the moment of acceptance the plan is already connected as once with other island amenities under the same philosophy of protecting the nature. It gives the power of group working and proves that good of island stands from hotels too. I think that whenever hotel will invest and develop their products in economic way more they will get in fact the bigger acceptance from community and local society. We can notice that it can be the beginning of long chain with each of the hotels that support and work together to achieve higher amount of tourists when the environment is healthy. The experience that visitors will get rises at the same time when community is happy and live in healthy milieu. All employment in the hotel will have awareness of hospitality impacts on the environment and will spread it to their daily life. I think it is also branding different types of locatio ns for tourists when they are working under the same themes. Also installing new sewage systems in hotels makes it their strange and create an opinion of the hotel which are responsible and do not work only for their benefits. Weaknesses