The US Strategic and Tactical Difficulties in the Afghan War Free Essay Example, 2000 words

The way the Taliban came to power is a complex issue. between 1994 and the capture of Kabul in 1996, the Taliban s decision-making process was to change and become highly centralized, dictatorial, and inaccessible after 1996, the Taliban made known their desire to become the sole rulers of Afghanistan without the participation of other groups . The war in Afghanistan is complex. Many people are angry about how much money is being spent there. According to Fiscus (2004), America s greatest problem was finding targets in Afghanistan. The Soviets had destroyed the countryside. The mujahideen civil war had destroyed the cities. The United States could [destroy] the Taliban. But there was little in Afghanistan worth attacking (p. 2002-2003). Without a doubt, this war is very enervating. People are nervous about their job security at home in the United States. Meanwhile, while the economy is failing in the U. S., terrorists are making profits off of international diamond, drug, and gun sales which are being dealt with African countries, China, and Afghanistan. Of course, this is all very controversial. These topics cannot be discussed with just anyone, therefore. Children 18 and under should not be asked this survey. We will write a custom essay sample on The US Strategic and Tactical Difficulties in the Afghan War or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page This would not be a wrong sentiment, necessarily. Nor would it be considered anti-American if the person believed that keeping troops in Afghanistan was the wrong choice. Basically, this is a personal opinion. Opinions can vary widely, and usually, people have a good rationale for their opinions.

Abortion Is A Basic Women s Right - 1916 Words

The Continued Legalization of Abortions Across the Country With No Change to Laws and Regulations Samantha Seifert Liberty High School Glendale Community College Abstract Abortion is a basic women s right. Research shows that abortions have been performed since the time of the Ancient Egyptians as abortion procedures were found in the medical document Ebers Papyrus written around 1550 BC. The practice of abortion continued through the 1800’s and did not become illegal until 1900. Roe v. Wade later legalized abortions across the country and now we have laws and regulations that keep the mother informed and also allow her to have access to the safe and legal abortions she has a right to. Keywords: abortion, legal, legalization, pro-choice, pro-life, choice, The Continued Legalization of Abortions With No Change to Laws and Regulations In July of 2013, Doctor Jen Gunter, a nationally renowned obstetrician/gynecologist, published an article on â€Å"The Anatomy of a Coat Hanger Abortion† which depicted the grotesque practice of coat hanger abortions and the associated risks. Women would use a knitting needle, a long thin rod, or in some cases a cut coat hanger, as a tool to induce a miscarriage, or natural abortion. Though the end may be small enough to enter a cervix on a wire hanger, the end is sharp and un-tapered and can shred or lacerate the soft tissue. The risk of hitting an artery is high, and if this happens, the woman could easily bleed to deathShow MoreRelatedPro Choice Vs. 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Experiencing Poetry Organizer Essay Example For Students

Experiencing Poetry Organizer Essay What emotion was the author trying to express? Structure: How is the poem organized (lines, stanzas, etc. )? What is unique or interesting about the structure of the poem? Does the poem rhyme? Meaning: What is the poem saying about life or love? Do you agree or disagree with this message? Explain. Are there any other reasonable ways to interpret this poem? Publication: What kind of magazine or other publication would be the best place for this type of poem? Selected Poem Title: Apart (Less Spars)let appears to be about how the poet may be trying to forget about a past relationship. For the most part the poem was understandable. I really enjoyed the 4th line in the 1st stanza, it makes it easier to relate to how disturbed the narrator really is. The poet doesnt use a lot of imagery but he does use metaphors and similes which makes it easier to understand and visualize how he is feeling. The author uses metaphors, similes, and personification. These poetic devices helps create a visual on how the poet is feeling and helps the reader comprehend what the author is trying to say. I believe the emotion that the author was trying to explain is: sadness/ despair. The poem has 4 stanzas, each containing 4 lines. The poet uses repetition throughout this entire poem. This is unique because at the beginning of each stanza and then again at the end of the Tanta the author says do not write This helps emphasize how the author wants to cut off all communication from whoever hurt them so badly. The poem does in fact rhyme. It has an ABA rhyme scheme throughout the whole poem. To me I feel that the poem is giving a negative connotation on love. The way I interpret this poem is that the author is Just so fed up and frustrated with whatever happened between him and his ex-lover that he never wants to speak with them again. I completely agree with the poet. If you get out of a relationship and really loved and cared about that arson then the only way to get over it is to cut off communication and forget about that person entirely. I believe the magazine Love Stinks would be the most appropriate article to place this type of poem in. The magazine is for readers who have been hurt in their past relationships. It comforts them to let them know they are not alone in their sadness or bitterness. When the poet says To knock at my heart is like knocking on a tomb (Simpson, line 4) This shows how cold and hard his heart is after being hurt by love. This will provide comfort for someone who is heart broken.

Operations Management in Daimond Manufacturing free essay sample

Definition Operation Management is the activity of managing the resources which produce and deliver goods and services (Slack et al, 2010). These activities commences from the very initial production stage of information gathering right up to the final stage of consumer consumption of the product. Every organization does operation management even if they do not notice it. All organizations produce goods and/or services and to create goods and/or services, the organization must perform a number of operations which must be effectively and efficiently managed. 1. 2 Role of Operations Management Operations Management is of prime importance in all sectors, cells, functions, units and groups within the organization. An organization is a system and according to the business dictionary, (http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/system. html) a system is ‘An organized, purposeful structure that consists of interrelated and interdependent elements (components, entities, factors, members, parts etc. ). These elements continually influence one another (directly or indirectly) to maintain their activity and the existence of the system, in order to achieve the goal of the system’. We will write a custom essay sample on Operations Management in Daimond Manufacturing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Read more: http://www. usinessdictionary. com/definition/system. html#ixzz2QSyXAP1f . All employees are part of this system and have a common interest in making the consumer to receive goods and/or services in the best way possible. So I will say every manager in every part of the organization is to some extent an operational manager. According to James (2011), the role of operations management is to manage the transformation of an organization’s inputs into finished goods and services using processes. Processes are actually present in all areas of the organization from Human Resource to Finance to Marketing to Procurement etc. 1. The ‘Input – Transformation – Output’ process Resources can either be transforming resources or transformed resources. After the transformation process is complete, transforming resources give rise to transformed resources. According to James (2011), there are 2 main types of transforming resources: * Facility which compri ses of land, building, plant and equipment. * Staff which comprises of everyone involved in the operation process. There are 3 main types of transformed resources: * Material. Transformation can be physical (manufacturing), by location (transportation), by storage (warehousing), or by ownership (retail). Information. Transformation can be by property (accountant’s information), by possession (market research), by storage (libraries) or by location (telecommunication). * Customer. Transformation can either be physical (plastic surgery), by storage (hotel accommodation), by location (airline transport), by physiological state (hospital), or by psychological state (entertainment). Input Output Input that will be transformed * Material * Information * Customer Input that will transform * People * Facility * Goods * Services Transformation Input Output Input that will be transformed * Material * Information * Customer Input that will transform * People * Facility * Goods * Services Transformation Figure 1: The ‘Input-Transformation-Output’ process 2 Operations Strategy 2. 1 Definition Strategy is defined by Johnson et al, (2008) as ‘the direction and scope of an organization over the long term: ideally, which matches its resources to its changing environment and in particular its markets, customers or clients so as to meet stakeholder expectations. ’ 3. 2 Levels of Strategy Strategy can be viewed from 3 levels which are: The Corporate level: This level looks at the long term position of the company. It answers questions like ‘where will the organization be in 10 years? Or are we going to launch a new product in a new market? ’ The Business level: This level looks at the market and is concerned with the goods and services which the organization has to offer. It answers questions like ‘how do we compete? ’ The Functional level: This level deals with the functional aspect of the organization like finance, marketing, human resource etc. It answers questions like ‘how do we manage our financial resources’. . 3 Operations Strategy Operations strategy is the total pattern of decisions which shape the long-term capabilities of any operation and their contribution to overall strategy, through the reconciliation of market requirements with operations resources (Slack and Lewis, 2011). A 5 step structure has been designed by Hill (2005) so as to design and understand a goo d operation strategy. The steps are as follows: 1. Define Corporate Objectives Here, long term objectives are set-up so as to give the company balance and a good direction. At this stage, Sparkle does environmental scanning and the company also looks at its core competences, core processes and its global objectives. Performance Indicators (KPIs) are also established here so as monitor the accomplishment of these objectives. Top management uses a number of models which includes PESTEL, SWOT and Porter’s 5 forces. See appendix A. 2. Set Marketing Strategies Here Sparkle identifies the market it wants to compete in and then it looks on how to compete in these markets. Ansoff’s matrix is used. | New Product| Existing Product| NewMarket| Diversification| Market Development| Existing Market| Product Development| Market Penetration/ Market Growth| Figure 5: Ansoff Matrix. Source: Kaplan Financial Ltd, 2008. Sparkle uses the market penetration/market growth pathway for now. With time, they will start manufacturing out of the UK thus implementing the market development strategy. It is yet not known if they are thinking of one day starting up the production of a new product. 3. How do we gain competitive advantage? At this stage of Hill’s structure, the organization is to find ways to make its product win other products in the market. For this to happen, the organization must have a base to make its competition and this base is usually one or more of the following performance objectives: speed, quality, cost, dependability and flexibility. See chapter 3. Sparkle uses the above performance objectives to gain competitive advantage but it must be noted that, competitive advantage must: * Be real * Add value (to the consumer) and * Be difficult to imitate. 4. Choose a delivery system Here, the organization has to choose an appropriate delivery system so as to meet up with speed and maybe dependability. In Sparkle, most orders are icked up by the customer but if not, Sparkle uses their vans which have a high level of security for close distances or they post the jewelry for faraway distances. 5. Choose your Infrastructure The company at this phase has to choose all necessary infrastructures that it has to obtain so as to gain an edge over its competitors in the market. Different organizations in different industries wi ll need different types of infrastructures. But in the diamond manufacture industry, the infrastructures are almost the same and can hardly give competitive advantage. 3 Performance Objectives In the present congested and very competitive business environment, companies must do something extra so as to stand out of the crowd. For them to do this, they must react to what customers value and these fall into the following category. They are called performance objectives. 1. Cost 2. Quality 3. Dependability 4. Reliability 5. Speed Sparkle is aware of the tight competition in the diamond market and it takes its performance objectives very seriously so as to gain competitive advantage. Before achieving the above performance objectives, they must achieve the 4 Cs (see appendix B). * Cost. The principle of cost is doing things cheaply. Sparkle changes its processes, its materials and its suppliers every now and then so as to operate on a lower cost scale. They buy rough diamonds directly from the companies who buy them from the mine and sometimes the make orders directly from the mine so as to reduce cost because the more intermediaries there are, the higher the final price. They sometimes buy more rough diamonds than what the actually need so as to gain discount for bulk buying. They automate most of their processes to reduce the number of hours worked by human beings thus reducing total wages. Quality. This involves producing durable high standard error-free goods that consumers perceived to the good. In the fashion business, quality is king because consumers are becoming more conscious of what they wear. One can say that everything in the diamond industry is of good quality so in this kind of high standard industry, quality is not the issue but superb quality. Spark le buys the best of the rough stones which are hand-picked one after the other so that their final product will be of the best quality and they will have very little waste during production. * Dependability. This is doing everything on time so as to keep commitments and promises made to customers. Sparkle has a track record and reputation of never keeping its customers waiting. Customers’ diamonds are always fully processed before the pick-up date. Customers love coming to this organization because they know they can rely on them when it comes to delivery. There was a scandal in March 2008 in Real Diamonds where a couple arrange for their wedding rings costing thousands of pounds to be manufactured but the company was unable to meet up with the due date so the couple had to use different rings for the wedding. Flexibility. This is being able to change what you produce or how you produce it. Sparkle is very flexible in regards to their products because they produce apparently anything requested by the customer. We pride ourselves on being different, you won’t find our jewelry just anywhere, we appreciate that you want something special to you (Source: sparlediamonds. com/abo ut). They manufacture dressing rings, marriage rings, engagement rings, necklaces, earrings, bracelets, bangles and designers jewelry out of diamond. Over the years, they have come up with different diamond designs thought by others as impossible and have now gained a name as being the company that uses diamond to manufacture anything and everything. On the other hand, their production process is flexible too but not very flexible. They change little bits of their production process all the time to cut down cost and to increase the quality of the diamonds but this change is never a big change (process improvement). Figure 5: Different items made out of diamond. Source: * Speed. This can be described as how responsive an organization is to the customers’ demands and complain. It is a measure of the time between a customer’s order or complain to the time when that customer’s order or complain is sorted out fully. Sparkle is very fast in dealing with complains. Any customer who comes to the company with a complaint is not allowed to leave when the matter concerned has not been resolved. Complains made online take a maximum of 2 working days to be dealt with and those by post takes a little more time. Figure 5: Different colors of diamond. Source: 4 Product Design . 1 Definition Product/service design is the process of defining the specification of products and/or services in order for them to fulfill a specific market need (Slack et al, 2009). According to Russell and Taylor (2009), new product designs can provide a competitive edge by bringing new ideas to the market quickly, doing a better job of satisfying customers’ needs, or be ing easier to manufacture, use and repair. Product design is of great importance in any organization because consumers are becoming more and more conscious of the products they consume and their contents. Almost everybody in the organization is involved in product design because bringing in a new product design is not just about the market requirement but it is also about anticipating future demand and this needs imagination and creativity. In coming out with a good product design, market requirements, technical issues, cost, quality, investment information and the target market must be considered and dealt with appropriately. Diamond design ‘step by step’ Various steps are followed when coming out with a good diamond design. 1. Generating Ideas Ideas to bring up a new diamond designs can come from anywhere and comes from everywhere. Some organizations look only within the organization and come up with a diamond design but this approach is very dangerous because it can easily back fire leading to a poor design. Ideas in Sparkle usually come from: * The customers who will use the product. Most at times, the customer comes to the organization with a design in mind. The design team in the organization then sits with the customer and adds ideas to perfect the customer’s request. * The employees who serve the customers. These groups of persons know exactly what customers wants because they are the people who take customers specifications, demands and complaints. They play an important role in the creation of a new design. * Competitors and any new technology. Sparkle sometimes looks at the designs of its competitors like Avi Paz and tries to modify it so as to create something better than theirs. * Research and Development (Ramp;D) Department. One of their major roles in the organization is to look for new possible designs which will entice customers. It is at this stage that the diamond color, size, weight, cut grade, clarity grade, carat weight, laser inscription and shape is decided. Figure 4: Computer simulated diamond designing in progress. Source: www. sparklediamonds. com 2. Product Screening According to Slack et al (2009), not all concepts and ideas generated will be capable of being developed into products and/or services. Each idea generated is taken and examined to see whether or not they are acceptable, feasible and vulnerable. Fig 5 illustrates. Figure 5| Some typical evaluation questions for marketing, operations and finance. | Evaluation Criteria| Marketing| Operations| Finance| Feasibility| Is the market likely to be big enough? | Do we have capabilities to produce it? Do we have access to sufficient finance to develop and launch it? | Acceptability| How much market share could it gain? | How much will we have to reorganize our activities to produce it? | How much financial return will there be on our investment? | Vulnerability| What is the risk of it failing in the market place? | What is the risk of us being able to produce it acceptable? | How much money could we lose if things do not go as planned? | Fi g 5: Slack et al (2009) Some typical evaluation questions for marketing, operations and finance [e-book] p. 89 3. Preliminary Design At this stage, the design is reviewed by the cutters and polishers to see if the can really produce the diamond and any unnecessary complexity in the diamond’s design is eliminated because such complexities can build cost. For example; there are some unnecessary and unnoticed cuts in a diamond’s design but these cuts could split the whole diamond if not done carefully. Because customers will not even notice the additional cuts and even if they do, they will not be willing to pay an addition for it so the cuts are eliminated. Figure 4: Different diamond designs (drawing). Source: Figure 4: Different diamond designs. Source: 4. Final Design After all the above has been done, a prototype is then created out of glass and tested to see if it meets market requirements, technical requirements and the financial limit. Tangible prototypes are created and virtual (computer simulations) model too to properly assess the diamond before production goes any further. Sometimes, customers are called in to see the prototype and give their feedback from which some adjustments may be made on the product’s design. An after acceptance, diamond cutting commences. Figure 5: Prototype diamond made out of fine glass. Source: 5 Process Design 5. 1 Definition Process design is Sequence of interdependent and linked procedures which, at every stage, consume one or more resources (employee time, energy, machines, money) to convert inputs (data, material, parts, etc. ) into outputs. These outputs then serve as inputs for the next stage until a known goal or end result is reached (www. businessdictionary. com). Read more: http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/process. tml#ixzz2QTQAtoBi When deciding a product design, it is advisable to simultaneously come up with a matching process design. This will entail the flow of the process and Barnes (2008) said that the design of processes is different in all organizations and these designs will be based on the volume and variety of the demand for the product in the market. He further categorized the processes under project, jobbing, batch, line and conti nuous. Types of Processes There are different production processes namely project, jobbing, batch, line and continuous. See Appendix C. Sparkle is in a business of very expensive products which are very small in size so they do jobbing. Customers usually give orders which are produced by the company (make to order). They usually hold little or no fully-processed inventory. The Production Process Diamond ore is sorted by density using X-rays. Before that technology became available, grease belts were used to separate diamonds from the rest of the ore, due to the diamonds greater tendency than other minerals to stick to grease. Rough diamonds are then set to be cut as gemstones in the cutting laboratory. A diamond has different cuts and different professional specialize on different cuts. This is the most daunting task of diamond production because a bad cut will cost the company a fortune. Figure 5: Diamond plan before cutting. Source Cutting produces the facets associated with a diamond. The angles of the facets maximize light, giving the diamond its greatest possible luster (dispersion of white light). The cutting process can take as much as 50% of a rough diamonds weight. Figure 5: Illustration of diamond facets. Source: A number of factors come into play when deciding how a diamond should be cut. X-rays are employed to analyze the stones crystallographic structure, its hardness and ability to cleave. The diamonds flaws are considered, and the cutter decides which to remove and which can remain. Either a hammer or a diamond saw can be used to split the diamond – the hammer is quicker, but the saw is surer. Figure 5: Diamond cutting. Source: A number of institutes in the diamond industry offer courses for diamond cutters, but the bulk and most crucial part of the training for this delicate trade take place during the cutters apprenticeship. A diamond may get its final cut from many skilled hands: the diamond marker or designer; the diamond sawyer; the diamond cutter or brute; the cross-worker; and the brillianteer. After the initial cutting, diamonds undergo the polishing stages, usually performed by a technician as the process is a standard one. Polished diamonds are reexamined for flaws, which can be addressed through enhancement techniques or disguised when set in jewelry. Figure 5: Diamond Polishing. Source: Finally, the polished diamonds are sold to individuals, retailers, wholesalers and jewelry shops. Figure 5: Diamond quality check. Source 6 Planning, Control amp; Innovation In any good type of project or manufacture to be successful, it must be planned at the very beginning and at the end, it has to be controlled to make sure that the planned processes and cost is not very different from the actual. Businesses must also continuously innovate so as to move line to line with the changing tastes of consumers and to beat numerous designs from competitors. 6. 1 Planning Eur says this about planning â€Å"It lists the phases and encapsulates all the main parameters, standards and requirements of the project in terms of time, cost and quality/performance by setting out the ‘Why’, ‘What’, ‘When’, ‘Who’, ‘Where’, and ‘How’, of the project. † Planning therefore looks at the entire process, product and project but in an imaginary form which has not yet happened but it is wished that it should happen that way. 6. 1. 1 Advantages of Planning 1. It gives direction of what has to be done and how it has to be done. 2. It assigns responsibilities on every person thus answering â€Å"Who does what? 3. A good plan will see problems a project, product or process will encounter before the problem strikes. 4. A plan helps us to manage cost, quality and design side by side with the profit we will want to make on the product. 5. Plans are used to assess how well a product, process, p roject or person has done. 6. 1. 2 Disadvantages of Planning 1. It is usually made up by top management and given to the employees down the management ladder who just follow it. 2. Plans are usually followed to the latter. Even when some changes have to done, it is not because a plan is being followed. 3. Plans are usually just estimates and it has no use in turbulent economic environments as the plan and the actual are usually very different. 6. 2 Control Control involves measuring the actual results against the plan and then taking action to adjust actual performance so that it moves in line with the plan. So in other words, control is only possible when we have a plan. Control has a feedback phase and this involves adjusting the actual to move in line with the plan or reporting differences between actual and budget so that there may be no such discrepancies in the future. 6. 3 Innovation Innovation is defined by the oxford dictionary as â€Å"changing something established by introducing new methods, ideas or products. † Just like there is no control where there is no plan, there is no innovation where there is no control. They all rely on one another. After control has been done, feedback is sent back and improvement or innovation is made. But in the complex business environment operating now, innovation just not just come from within the company but from outside the company like from competitors and especially from the consumers due to the rapid change in customers taste, design and fashion. In the diamond manufacture industry, there are many different innovative ways manufacturing diamonds and Sparkle has had the following innovations: 1. The Supercut design Sparkle has introduced the innovative supercut design into the industry: a patented ideal emerald cut, with more than twice the facets of a traditional Emerald – providing unparalleled brilliance and fire. The culmination of three years of research, the supercut gives extraordinary brilliance and reflection and this innovation gives Sparkle competitive advantage in terms of having good designs with extraordinary glittering. 2. Precision cutting Since 2010, Sparkle has brought in a technology of cutting the diamonds using computer software and this cut is so exact that less than 0. 000002% waste is created from diamond cutting. Waste use to be about 0. 5% during diamond cutting and this innovation has caused drastic cost saving making Sparkle to be more competitive in terms of cost. 3. Sparkle offers a wide range of jewelry manufacturing processes, including design, modeling, prototyping, grooving, setting, finishing and meticulous quality control; all featuring our own fine diamonds, and designed for clients to sell under their private labels. . 4 The ‘Planning – Control – Innovation’ Cycle. From the above notes, it can be seen that planning, control and innovation work together. Sparkle’s cycle looks like this. Plan Procurement of unrefined stones. Process the stones into fine diamond. Sell and make a reasonable gain. Actual Procurement of unrefined stones. Process the stones into fine dia mond. Sell and make a reasonable gain. Control Looks at the difference between what was planned and what actually happened. External Information Customer specific design New tastes and fashion Design from competitors Market Research (Ramp;D) Feedback and Innovation Plan Procurement of unrefined stones. Process the stones into fine diamond. Sell and make a reasonable gain. Actual Procurement of unrefined stones. Process the stones into fine diamond. Sell and make a reasonable gain. Control Looks at the difference between what was planned and what actually happened. External Information Customer specific design New tastes and fashion Design from competitors Market Research (Ramp;D) Feedback and Innovation Figure 7. The ‘planning-control-innovation’ cycle. 6. Changes happening in the diamond industry. * Researchers are on the verge of bringing in new materials which reflect light better than diamond and these materials are stronger and more durable than diamond. But, they will be far cheaper than diamonds and this is going to be a big problem to diamond manufacturers as the demand for diamond will surely drop. An example is synthetic stones. * In response to growing concern over illicit trade in conflict or blood diamonds, the United Nations General Assembly established the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme in 2003. This scheme is going to make sure of the source of every single diamond so as to ensure that they are from a genuine source. This happening will increase the price of diamond because more than 55% of diamonds are from Africa and the mines there are operated by very cheap labor and sometimes by slaves, women and children. The UN will come in and stop this practice thus increasing the cost of labor, working conditions and ultimately the price for diamonds. 7 Quality Management Quality is one of the performance objectives and it is taken very seriously by all organizations because if achieved, may give them competitive advantage. Some organizations rely on quality more than others and the fashion and health industry takes quality as primary considering the fact that people want to look good and in good health. Quality is a matter of perception so what can be called quality for A might not necessarily be called quality for B. According to Garvin (1984), the attributes in quality for a product are: * Performance * Features * Reliability * Conformance * Durability * Serviceability * Aesthetics * Other perceptions Parasuraman et al. (1985), on the other hand listed 5 attributes in defining what is quality of a service? nd they are: * Reliability – Are we always going to get on time delivery? * Responsiveness – Are the always going to respond quickly to our demands and complaints? * Assurance – Are we assured of their competence? * Empathy – Does the organization feel and understand customers’ needs and concerns? * Tangibles – Is the physical surrounding conducive? 7. 1 Qu ality in the Organization But in relation to Sparkle, the best definition of quality is that as per Slack et al. (2009) â€Å"quality is consistent conformance to customers’ expectation† and I will say and even surpassing those expectations. Sparkle uses total quality management as their quality management technique. They look for means and ways to maintain and continuously improve quality at each stage of the production process. All employees meet once a month to discuss on how to improve the organization’s present performance. Books by Deming, Crosby, Juran, Hill and other total quality management gurus are in the company’s library and research department for employees to read and be motivated to contribute into the organization’s performance. All employees are made to know that quality and customer’s requirements being met comes before any other thing. The organization has a suggestion box where employees can write any inspiring idea that comes in mind and this box is emptied every day and read by the research staff and it is summarized and sent to the manager examine. 7. 2 The Cost of Quality Quality has a cost which is like a double-edged sword meaning that good quality will have a cost and bad quality will also have a cost. 7. 2. 1 The Cost of Good Quality This is also known as the cost of quality assurance. Sparkle has a lot of this cost because they are continuously always trying to get better in quality all over the organization so as to better serve customers’ needs. The cost of quality assurance is further divided into prevention cost and appraisal cost. * Prevention cost is the cost of trying to make everything right on first attempt and some of this cost are: * Sparkle does not give a command for precious stones and wait for the stones to come. They go to the supplier’s premises and pick the stones one after the other and not in groups to ensure the best stones are taken. The supplier charges more for this. * The cost of designing the jewelry in a computer automated system and running several checks with other very expensive bespoke software before the design is confirmed. Sparkle trains its employees every 6 months and buys books to update them on new technologies and to keep their skills up and awake. * All employees are taught a wide variety of skills so that if a certain employee is not available to do a specific thing, there will always be another to do it. * Appraisal cost is concerned with controlling quality and this is achieved by testing the process before the product is manufactured and testing the product before it gets to the customer. Some of these costs are: * The cost incurred in testing all equipment, machines and ensuring staffs are fit and able before any diamond is processed. The cost of checking the diamond after manufacture by employees and with the use of a computer aided personalized software which is very expensive to make sure that the diamonds are flawless. * The time spent in testing the diamonds ensuring the pass all the set of test before and after manufacture. 7. 2. 2 The Cost of Bad Quality All organizations including Sparkle wants to evade this cost because it is very dangerous and it can even bring down the entire organization in a blink of an eye. The cost of bad quality is divied into internal failure cost and external failure cost. Internal failure cost is cost incurred before the product reaches the customer. Some of this cost are: * The cost of scrap. Diamonds are very expens ive so any little scrap of badly shaped diamond is worth a whole lot. So Sparkle makes sure the best quality diamond is procured and diamond cutting should be not less than perfect. * The cost of reshaping ill-shaped diamonds and gluing broken once. * The resources lost in repairing diamonds. Labor, machine time, and electricity are used which should have if the diamonds were made right the first time. External failure cost arises after the product has been received by the customer and some of this cost include: * The cost listening to customer complaints and responding to them. * The cost of replacing a defective diamond which a customer has rejected. This can cause the organization a fortune. * The customer might have to take the company to court and the organization will pay a huge sum if the lost the lawsuit. Some compensation may run to millions of pounds and could bring the organization to its end. * One of the most dangerous costs is that which we don’t see. An example is the lost sale and contribution. When a customer is dissatisfied, he will most at times not want to come back and he will discourage a potential customer who will discourage another customer to come to us. Saying all this, quality should be treated like an egg in the midst of rocks. 8 Supply Chain Management 8. 1 Definition Supply Chain is the management of the interconnection of organizations that relate to each other through upstream and downstream linkages between the processes that produce value to the ultimate consumer in the form of products and services (Slack et al. 2010). A supply chain is a holistic network starting from the sourcing of material, through its transportation to the organization’s premises, to manufacturing, to storage and warehousing and finally to consumers. So it is a whole system and it works as one therefore is one part of the chain is broken, the whole system will fall apart and consumers’ will not be satisfied. 8. 2 Sparkleâ⠂¬â„¢s Supple Chain Stage 1 Sparkle’s supply chain starts from the diamond mines in Africa which produce more than 50% of total diamonds to mines in India, Russia, Canada and Australia. The mines usually dug very deep but the deepest diamond mine runs for about 160km passing through sand, rocks, and gravel to be blasted drilled, crushed and processed. It should be noted that only 20% of diamonds from mines can be polised and used for jewelry; the rest is used for industrial use. The stones picked here are very rough still with no beauty (see figure 10). Stage 2 Companies and independent buyers go to these mines and buy the rough stones from the mine owners and take them to their premises for processing. These stones are then processed to make them a little bit more presentable so that diamond manufacturers can then buy them and further process them into diamonds. Diamonds at this stage looks like that in figure 11. Figure 8: Trapping stones to look for diamonds in an African mine. Source: Figure 9: A typical unprocessed diamond. Source: Figure 10: Unprocessed diamonds directly from the mine. Source Figure 11: Diamonds which have been slightly processed. Source: Stage 3 Sparkle buys the diamonds in fig. 11 and examines them with the use of a computer aided personalized software. After a series of checks, rejected diamonds will be sent back to the suppliers and the good ones will be cut into different shapes so as to give the greatest value. After cutting, the diamond goes through computer aided software to confirm its perfection and after this, it is polished and cleaned. Sparkle will also buy what the diamonds are going to be fitted on because people will scarcely buy a chunk of diamond. Diamonds are usually fitted on rings, pens, earrings, belts and many more (see figure 14). These things are usually bought from top manufacturers with good design and quality and they are usually very expensive. Figure12: Diamond cutting in Sparkle. Source: Figure 13: Diamond polishing in Sparkle Source: Stage 4 After polishing and the diamond have an unblemished shine, shape and color, it is then taken by the customers. Some of the customers ordered just a few and sometimes even just one special diamond while other big customers like jewelry shops order bigger quantities at ones. It is either Sparkle delivers the diamond to the place agreed by the customer or the customer comes to the organization’s site on an agreed date and after a phone call to pick up the diamond. The supply chain ends after the diamond has reached the customer. Figure 14: Finished diamond ready for the customer. Source: Figure 15: Diamonds bought by jewelry shops. Source: The Mine The Cutting Company Polishing Customers Jewelry Shops Manufacturing The Mine The Cutting Company Polishing Customers Jewelry Shops Manufacturing The supply chain of Sparkle is a good and effective. Its success can sometimes be attributed to the information technology they use. They use the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system which brings in data from all sources and this is used to know when suppliers have diamonds and the variouse categories, to know when jewelry shops are running short of iamonds, and many more (all discussed in chapter 9). Figure 16: Sparkle’s Supply Chain 9 Information Systems As seen in chapter 1, â€Å"Operation Management is the activity of managing the resources which produce and deliver goods and services† (Slack et al, 2010). For these activities to be properly managed, it needs the help of automated process and compu ter aided techniques. Information systems are found throughout an organization and if used well reduce costs and can be a source of gaining competitive advantage. 9. 1 Computer Aided Techniques Sparkle uses information systems in many ways in its business. Listed below are some specialized computer aided programs used. 1. They use Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP) which gives an optimum layout of the cutting steps and their sequence (this is different for different diamonds). There are many diamond cutting machines and they all have different cutting styles and they are operated by specialist in the different cutting sectors. So the CAPP examines a diamond and gives different possible steps on which machine to use first and which not to use so as to minimize waste and give the diamond the best possible cuts so as reflect light in an optimal way. 2. They use Computer Aided Designs (CAD) to design the shape of diamonds on a computer and finished diamonds can actually be seen even before processing starts. If an error is made in the design, it can be corrected but this could have been impossible without CAD. 3. The also use Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) which takes the drawings and designs from the CAD and test them for perfection. Different test are administered and the flawlessness of a diamond can be confirmed even before manufacture. 4. Automated Material Handling (AMH) system is also used. Diamonds are very expensive and so care must be taken at each step. The AMH system improves efficiency in diamond movement, storage and retrieval. 5. The Laser Security System (LSS) is used where diamonds are kept be it rough stones, semi-processed diamonds and fully processed diamonds. Invisible laser rays crisscross the diamonds and it needs a password to be deactivated. Only top managers have the password and the password of each of them is different making it easy to know who accessed the diamond safe. If someone tries to pass through the laser rays, it can kill or paralyze them and the security alarm is automatically triggered and an automated call goes to the nearest police station. . Security Camera Systems (SCS) make use of Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV) at all times to monitor the whole building especially where inventory is held. 7. The Inventory Control System (ICS) gives detail information about each diamond rough, semi-processed or fully processed held in inventory at any point in time. Management must no go into the safe to see what t hey have in stock because the ICS does it all. This system is also used online to make customers see the diamonds, its specification and all other relevant information. Figure 16: The CAD system used to design a blue diamond. Source: Figure 17: The virtual version of the diamond in fig 16. Source: 9. 2 Pros and Cons of Information Technology (IT) IT is a very necessary tool in any organization be it a big or a small one. IT has advantages and disadvantages. They are listed in Appendix D including ‘Why IT cannot replace Human Beings’. 9. 3 Information Systems ‘Information system can be defined as a set of interrelated components that collect, process, store and distribute information to support decision making and control in an organization’ (Laundon amp; Laundon, 2006). Most organizations use some form of computer-based technology to accumulate, organize and distribute information’ (Ted, 2011) and Sparkle is not an exception. They use a set of interrelated information systems. 9. 3. 1 Transaction Processing System (TPS) This system is used to account for day by day transactions of Sparkle. It records all sales, purchases, expenses, income, tax, bills paid, equipment bought and all other transactions performed by organization. This system is also used to account for employee’s attendance, absences, pay, overtime, bonuses, remuneration, and all other things concerning the employees. . 3. 2 Supply Chain System (SCS) This system deals with customers and suppliers. It monitors the stock in the jewelry shops so as to know when to give the shops an offer. It monitors the stocks which are demanded more and those demanded less so as to know when to produce. It tracks frequent and valuable customers and grades them into groups so as know how to give discounts. This system also monitors the stock in the cutting companies. It looks at the new stocks and compares price side by side quality so as to know which supplier to order rough diamonds from. 9. 3. 3 Knowledge Management System (KMS) In Sparkle, all manufacturing processes are recorded and stored in the KMS. Any ideas gotten either by inspiration, customer’s requirement, employees’ suggestions or business intelligence are stored in the KMS for future use. Sparkle is said to be very innovative and has this edge over its rivals because of its mastery of the KMS. When a new employees is recruited, he has 2 weeks probation where he is taught how to operate in the organization and how processes function. Before the implementation and use of the KMS, probation was 3 months so this system has greatly reduces learning time. 9. 3. Management Information System (MIS) This system takes all the information from the above systems and summarizes them into financial statements and reports. It is used by management to make decisions on how to run and control the business. 9. 3. 5 Decision Support System (DSS) This system looks like an advance of the MIS. It takes data from all sources (internal and external) and su mmarizes them for top management to make decisions on the long term plans of the organization. Information from this system appears as statements, reports, charts, graphs, ratios, statistics and trend analysis. . 3. 6 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) This can be called the overall system. It takes information from all sources of the organization and brings them together in one large database. From there, required information is taken out and implemented or used to make decisions in Sparkle. It should be noted that all other systems deposit their information in ERP. Figure 18: Example of ERP. Source: LSBF MBA Intake 14, SOM Lecture 3, Session 9, Slide 34. 9. 6 Intranet and Extranet Sparkle uses intranets to deal with its employees and management. Staffs all have a particular passcode which the use and your code depends on your position within the company. Some passcodes can access some areas which other codes can’t. They also use extranets to communicate and share information with customers, suppliers, some competitors and the government. This system is more secured and less vulnerable to attacks as compared to the internet. 10 Job Design It is said that the blood stream of any organization is money and I will say the skeleton holding an organization and making it stand up straight is its workforce. An organization manages resources so as to be able to deliver acceptable goods and services to its customers and one of these resources is its workforce. An organization’s workforce is its most valuable and the most complicated of all its resources because unlike other resources, humans have a mind of their own. To be able to deal with human beings, you must know what they like and this is different for different people but these needs though different are similar. In providing this, it motivates the employees and when motivated, they produce better output eventually yielding higher profits, quality and flexibility. 0. 1 Motivation Motivation is the urge to take action to achieve something or to avoid something (BPP, 2010). Motivation can either be intrinsic (wanting to satisfy an internal urge like being happy to be able to help others) or extrinsic (reliant on tangible rewards like money, fame and power). Continues in Appendix E. 10. 2 Empowerment This is the act of delegati ng work to employees making them feel more superior because of the added responsibility and new accountability. This is good motivation for many employees. ‘Job design is about how people carry out their tasks within a process. It defines the way they go about their working lives. It positions the expectations of what is required of them, and it influences their perceptions of how they contribute to the organization. It also defines their activities in relation to their work colleagues and it channels the flows of communication between different parts of the operation. But, of most importance, it helps to develop the culture of the organization – its shared values, beliefs and assumptions’ (Slack, 2009). In designing any job, the following have to be put into consideration. * Safety. Jobs should be design in a way that it will bring no harm to the employee be it physical, psychological, mental or emotional harm. Workers in the mines especially those in Africa are exposed to a lot of risk and still earn less than the minimum wage. The mine owners wanting to make more profits cut down on cost by reducing expenditure on employees’ safety. The employees of Sparkle all have safety equipment like hats and new ideas are being implemented to make the process safer. The organization has also fully insured its entire staff. * Legal and Ethical Issues. Jobs should be design in such a manner that those doing the job will not go against the law or their code of ethics. * Own time. Job design should create time for the employees to catch up on something other than work. For example visiting new places, being with their families or performing other social activities. Employees working in the mines have little of this, but Sparkle’s employees all have right to a paid holiday and taking permission to be out of work if the need arises. * Employee’s Ability. An employee’s ability to do the job or a range of task should be considered before designing the job. For example; only heavy built men carry cargo from the trucks into the warehouse because of their physical ability to carry heavy weight unlike their colleagues. * Wage and Benefits: In designing any job, the wage and benefits to be paid for the job should be considered if not the employee can be over-paid or under-paid for the job. 10. 3 Division of Labor Unlike traditional production approaches that stipulated that one person should know everything in the company so that he can serve any function, Henry Ford came in with the idea that one man should only know one thing and should be an expert in that thing. He suggested that with specializing in a particular function, the whole organization will be specialized and will give the best quality goods and services. So jobs should be broken down into smaller portions and given to different individuals who will specialize and bring forth quality cost-effective products. 10. 3. 1 Advantages of Division of Labor (Slack, 2009) * It is easier to learn. Short and simple tasks are easier to learn compared with long and complex tasks. This will be very advantageous when training new recruits because training will take a shorter time and it will be better mastered. Automating. Short and simple task are easily automated as compared to long and complex task. * Time. More time is spent on one long task compare to time if that task was broken down. This extra time is as a result of picking different tools up and putting them down, looking for equipment, thinking of what to do next etc. 10. 3. 2 Disadvantages of Division of Labor (Slack, 2009) * Monotony. The same small task will be repeated every hour, week, month and year. This will make the job boring and less fulfilling thus resulting to absenteeism, staff turnover and errors. Over-reliance. If one employee is absent, no other will be able to perform his duty and this may bring the whole production process to a halt. * No flexibility. Employees let to do one particular thing over the years turn to lose the skill of being able to learn another thing. So if the production process was to change, many employees will not be able to cope with learning how to perform a new task. * Physical Injury. The repetitive use of one part of your body let’s say arm or wrist will in the long run cause pain to that part. This is known as Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI). Sparkle teaches their employees a wide range of task during their probation but the employees are assigned to do just one thing when they fully start work. Teaching them a wide range of task is to expose them to the processes of the whole organization so that they can contribute ideas in the development of a department or process which does not involve them. Another reason for giving employees holistic training is to make an employee being able to do an absent employee’s work. This tactic was also implemented because the organization did not want an employee to feel indispensable. 0. 4 Job Design Approaches In coming out with a good job designing, the following approaches should be implemented:- 1. Job Simplification: The organization tries to the range of task and their complexities. Polishing diamond use to be a very complex task at Sparkle but with the introduction of DiamondShines TM a specialized software where diamond polishing is programmed with exact details. 2. Job Ro tation: This is periodically interchanging employees performing different task to do the task of the other. Sparkle does a lot of job rotation and this makes the employees’ job more exciting. Job rotation is successful in this organization because they train their employees to perform a number of task but if division of labor was strictly implemented, this approach could have been impossible because employee A will not have a clue of employees B’s task. 3. Job Enlargement: This involves integrating same level tasks to the ones already performed by the employees to make the job more exciting. This is not practiced in Sparkle. 4. Job Enrichment: This involves integrating different level tasks to the ones performed by the employees. The new tasks are usually higher level tasks giving employees more responsibility and decision making power. Sparkle once a week picks an employee randomly and gives him the power of a supervisory manager so as to see the changes and innovations he is going to bring to the organization. Sparkle also makes employees work in small teams and the organization creates a competitive strain amongst the teams. The competition amongst the teams brings a lot of hard work, efficiency and effectiveness.

Succeeding in Agility free essay sample

In the late 1970s, a group of equestrians did something no one had ever thought to do before: train their dogs to complete a jumping course. This new discovery quickly became popular and developed into the sport we now know as dog agility. In its simplest form, agility is a sequence of numbered obstacles, from jumps and tunnels to teeter-totters and weave poles. A handler must guide her dog through the course in the correct order and ensure her dog performs each obstacle correctly. If an obstacle is not completed the right way, points will be deducted from the team’s final score. Their â€Å"run† also must be under a set time called the standard course time. This is determined by the yardage of each individual course. Some competitors become engulfed in the technicalities of the sport. They spend hours upon hours every day researching ways they can make their runs a millisecond faster. We will write a custom essay sample on Succeeding in Agility or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They obsess over training and push their dogs to be as fast as is physically possible for them. Qualifying and placements are the only things they care about. They seek to compete at higher level competitions solely for the attention they will receive. If their dog does not perform the way they would like, they punish him. They take all the fun out of the sport for their dog, and in turn, themselves. They are not passionate about their dogs; they are passionate about winning. These people are successful in the sense that they accomplish what they aim for but are considered unsuccessful in the sport. Almost any experienced participant in agility will tell you winning means nothing. While getting first place or competing at the national/international level is a great feat and something to be proud of, the most important concept in the sport is the bond formed between a handler and her dog. Nothing in the world can compare to the feeling you get just running beside your best friend and knowing you are both having the time of your lives. A team does not have to be the fastest or even the most accurate to be successful. Success in agility is celebrating every moment spent with your companion. Success is being proud of your dog, even on the worst days. Success is finishing your worst run ever and praising your dog like he just won a national championship. You could be the person whose dog cannot even clear one jump without knocking down the bar and still be as successful as the person winning first place every time she step into the ring. Success in agility is a lot deeper than just winning. It is all about the special moments experienced with your dog and loving him in spite of everything. After all, in your dog’s final hours, you won’t look back and say, â€Å"Man, I wish Spot had won more blue ribbons.†

Biograph Mind and Best Friend Essay

Biograph Mind and Best Friend Essay Biograph: Mind and Best Friend Essay â€Å"Keep your head up high, and stay positive† is what I live by day to day because of my best friend Nita. She taught me so much in life from the experiences she had, the things she does and the wise words she says to me every day. I would never thought I have a best friend like her in my life. I think its crazy, because usually when I have a best friend, others would say â€Å"Oh they won't be around for a long time because friends come and go, even best friends.† But, Nita, she has been my best friend for awhile now. We have our up and downs but we manage to work it out unlike others. I notice that people never like to talk about how they feel about others, but she tells me anything that is on her mind. You could say that Nita is blunt, because she says whats on her mind and she speaks from the heart. I never seen anyone do that because others like to keep grudges. If it wasn't for Nita, I probably wouldn't be the person I am today; being open minded, telling anyon e how I feel or none of that. It's like the saying â€Å"closed mouths, don't get fed† so you should basically say something instead of being quiet. Nita is my best friend because she is the type of person who stays out of drama, do not mind anyone else business unless it involves with her and she is the nicest person you will ever meet. She respects everyone that is around her. To get respect, you have to give respect, that is just how it goes. If someone has a problem with her, she is the person who wants to go out of her way just to talk it out with you. Not a lot of people do that, they just let it be. The reason why I quoted

Combating Compassion Fatigue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Combating Compassion Fatigue - Essay Example Work related signs of compassion fatigue include frequent absenteeism from work, reduced empathy towards the patients and avoidance in dealing with certain patients. Serious signs of compassion fatigue include feelings of hopelessness, low self-esteem, gastrointestinal complaints, and hypertension (Miller, 2012). Physical exhaustion that is also referred as burnout is an initial sign of compassion fatigue. Some signs of physical exhaustion include irritability, feelings of anxiety and excessive emotional numbness. Other signs that accompany burnout include difficulty in sleeping and reduced empathy. Some causes of burnout include the attitudes towards work such as the caregiver’s beliefs and attitudes towards the complex patients and lack of peer support (Hayes, 2009). This phase is usually preceded by idealism whereby the caregiver is always committed to working hard with little time for relaxation. The caregiver usually accepts many responsibilities and forms close relations hips with peers. The physical exhaustion is evidenced by both emotional and behavioral symptoms of the caregiver. The emotional signs include a decline in the sense of accomplishment while behavioral signs include withdrawal from responsibilities and alcohol abuse (Figley, 2002). The second concept of compassion fatigue is characterized by emotional exhaustion. Some warning signs include unreasonable expectations, and lack of emotional control whereby the caregiver is easily frustrated by lack of money or difficult patients (Figley, 2002). The caregiver usually experiences nightmares, and increased psychological arousal that leads to grief and sadness. Some other visible signs include changes in assumptions, decline in intimacy and detachment from social groups (Figley, 2002). The other concept of compassion fatigue is apathy which is the lack of interests or concern for patients or family members. The caregiver usually feels hopeless and isolated from the rest of society (Miller, 2 012). The caregiver will exhibit an active avoidance of all care giving situations and emotional disengagement even towards close relatives like spouses. The fourth concept of compassion fatigue for caregivers is depression. This is mainly caused by traumatic memories. Some warning signs of depression include constant memory flashbacks of traumatic events, feeling cynical, difficulties in sleeping and irritability of the caregiver (Figley, 2002). The last concept of compassion fatigue for caregivers is impaired judgment (Miller, 2012). Some warning signs for impaired judgment of the caregiver include constant absenteeism from work, low self-esteem and avoiding attending to difficult patients. Physical exhaustion and emotional disillusionment coupled with negative attitudes towards work will contribute to impaired judgment of the caregiver. The long-term effects of compassion fatigue include drug and alcohol abuse, diminished sense of personal accomplishments and reduced sense of per sonal control and safety (Figley, 2002). The caregiver may also experience somatic symptoms such as sweating, pains, headaches, and impaired immune system (Hayes, 2009). Some of causes of physical exhaustion include stressful work whereby the caregiver tries to accomplish many roles within limited resources. Other causes include

Goose Island Company (Brief discriotion of the organization) Essay

Goose Island Company (Brief discriotion of the organization) - Essay Example Its products are sold across the United States and in the United Kingdom. The company has been expanding with time owing to the rising market trends as it continues to venture into new markets. Goose Island company operates in the alcoholic beverage manufacturing industry and has managed to acquire a fair share of the market. This industry includes products like ale, beer, distilled spirits and wine. There are major players in this industry like the Anheuser-Busch Companies, Inc, Boulevard Brewing Co. and Harpoon Breweries. They have loyal clients and have been in the industry for a long period of time. Competing against them is therefore not easy as they have a wider capital base that they utilize when it comes to product promotion and strategic planning (Fogarty 34). However, Goose Island company is trying its best to build its customer base in order to compete with such big market players. When the company was partly sold to the Widmer Brothers Brewery in 2006, there was public outcry that the taste of the beer was going to be interfered with. The loyal clients were very furious with the management, as they did not want any form of alteration in the taste of the beer. T he reason why they opted for external financiers from Belgium was that the local financiers wanted to gain full control of the company but the management was not for this. This is why they had to settle for Widmer Brothers Brewery for additional capital (Xin and Buccola 45). All the manufacturing is done in Chicago even after the part acquisition of the firm. The management and key decision-making personnel are all based in Illinois; Chicago just like it was before. Their philosophy is grounded on building their brands and increasing the sales volume. The company has over 120 employees based in Chicago that are highly motivated and focused in achieving the organizational objectives. Currently the organization is growing and is even expanding to new areas, conquering new

How is the Marketing Concept and Its Implementation Responding to Essay

How is the Marketing Concept and Its Implementation Responding to Developments in the Macro-Environment - Essay Example According to the research findings marketing is mainly concerned with trade or exchange. The basic form of trade started when humankind started producing surplus. Humankind produced agricultural products and exchanged them with manufactured goods like earthenware or textiles. Such exchange brought about areas that promoted trade for instance, local markets and village fairs. The development of trade and marketing enabled individuals to specialize production of certain products and services to be traded in markets for ore products required. In the 18th century, the economy of UK changed during the early industrial revolution, leading to rise in industrial production and subsequent loss of dependence on agricultural products. Prior to the industrial revolution, the distribution and production of goods was mainly in small scale. Consequently, industrialization leads to a dramatic increase in productivity, because of technology development. As a result, enterprises enlarged, production i ncreased, and products became more standardized. Companies produced in large numbers for local, national and international markets. Factory systems grew leading to migration of people from rural homes to new and quickly expanding industrial cities and towns. Because of rapid developments during the industrial revolution periods, companies produced volumes more that the local economy could accommodate. Therefore, consumption spread over wider geographical distances, leading to loss of immediate contacts between the producers and the markets. A number of thinking entrepreneurs organized their business transactions in a (marketing oriented† way to deals with this problem, even though the terms â€Å"marketing orientation† or †marketing† were rare until the twentieth century, (Hult and Speh, 2010, p 45). For producers to manufacture products and services that would attract and sell in vastly scarce markets, they had to analyze, interpret and understand the wants and needs of consumers and product, which would appeal and fit in with the wants and needs of such consumers. The process of correlating the firm resources to the wants and needs of the market place is known as entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurs had to sense the requirements of the market in terms quality, prices and design, and later plan production and distribution strategies to meet efficient demands of consumers at a profit. Emergence of industrialization led to specialization and further division of labour, leading to increased productivity, which further reduced costs, and thus the products selling price. Consequently, the increase in work specialization led to increased desire for trade, (Kotler, Keller, Dubious and Marceau, 2006, p 105). Production in large scale led to marketing channels emerging to improve product distribution, and meet the effective demand for more goods by the vast markets. Such developments established essential foundations for the contemporary industrial economy that is still grounded on the critical concepts of exchange and trade. In the mid nineteenth century, Britain dominated the forces of the world economy. The main factor outlining Britain's industrial growth and development was the emergence of international trade. This was because, Britain was the first to secure raw materials supplies, and had a dominated the supply of manufactured products in the expense of underdeveloped nations that collectively formed the British Empire. Later, the United States and Germany emerged as competing industrials nations/powers. Even though United Kingdom experience stiff competition from the economically developing nations in the sectors of coal, steel and textile, British economy still dominated the economy till the first world war. Other countries generated more income that led to rise in effective demand for raw materials, goods and services. The United Kingdom total trade value increased although its international trad

Polarisation of Light Investigation

Polarisation of Light Investigation Valentin Haemmerli Abstract. An optical system consisting of a laser, a polariser, a quarter-wave plate, a prism, and a light detector connected to a multi-meter was used to find the transmission axes of the polariser and the quarter-wave plate, find the angle of polarisation of the laser relative to the optical axis and investigate the quality of the polariser and quarter-wave plate by comparing the theoretical and experimental values of degree of polarisation for linear, circular and elliptic polarisations. These were found to be 0.98 ±0.03 compared to 1 for linear, 0.18 ±0.03 compared to 0 for circular and 0.59 ±0.03 compared to 0.65 for a particular ellipse. Introduction Polarisation of electromagnetic radiation is a fundamental phenomenon arising directly from the wave properties of light. Polarisation of light in the visual spectrum has many commercial applications such as stress analysis of birefringent materials[1, 2], sugar content analysis in the brewing industry and in food chemistry[1], liquid crystal displays [2] and in sunglasses. In addition to these applications, polarisation of light has a number of important scientific uses, including â€Å"determining the refractive indices, absorption constants and reflecting power of †¦highly absorbing materials† [1]. There are three different cases for polarised light; linear, circular and elliptical. The aim of this investigation was to calibrate the optical system and subsequently use it to analyse transmission intensities for each of these types, and compare the respective degrees of polarisation to theoretical values. Theory Polarisation Types Electromagnetic waves have electric and magnetic field components propagating as sinusoidal waves where the directions of the electric field vector is perpendicular to both the direction of the magnetic field vector and to the direction of propagation at all times. Due to this constant relation between electric and magnetic field vectors, we can describe polarisation in terms of electric field only for simplicity. Linear polarisation is the case where the x and y components of electric field for a wave traveling in the z-direction are varying in phase with each other, so they are both at their maxima at the same time, and both at their minima at the same time, and the electric component of the wave is always in the same plane. This is shown in Figure 1a). Circular polarisation, shown in Figure 1b), occurs when the x and y components of the electric field vector have the same amplitudes and have a phase difference of Ï€/2, or Ï€/2 plus an integer multiple of Ï€. The end point of the resulting electric field vector traces out a circle in the x-y plane, which translates to a helix once time is taken into account. Elliptical polarisation, of which circular polarisation is merely the special case when the amplitudes are equal and the phase difference is where . Elliptical polarisation is therefore any case for which the end point of the electric field vector traces out an ellipse in the x-y plane. This is shown in Figure 1c). Brewster’s Law Brewster’s Law states that for a beam incident on a flat horizontal glass surface of a prism at the Brewster angle, given by ,(1) where is the refractive index of the prism, only the component of the beam with polarisation parallel to the incident plane is reflected. This fact can be used to determine the polarisation of the incident beam after it has passed through the analyser. By rotating the analyser until there is no reflected component the beam is polarised vertically and hence has not component in the horizontal direction. Quarter-wave plate A quarter-wave plate is an optical device which is made of two materials with different refractive indices which has the effect of introducing a phase difference of Ï€/2 between the perpendicular x and y component of the electric field vector for light of a particular wavelength. The quarter-wave plate has two perpendicular transmission axes. A quarter-wave plate can therefore be used to change the polarisation of the incident light from linear to elliptical and in the simple case of the ellipse, circular. Degree of polarisation The equation used to find the degree of linear polarisation of light for transmitted intensities measured for angles of analyser is ,(2) where I is intensity. Experimental Method We first found the transmission axis of the Polaroid analyser using Brewster’s Law of horizontal polarisation using the set up in Figure 2.We started at an approximate value of Brewster’s Angle using n=1.6 for the refractive index of the prism. We set the incident angle to this, and then rotated the analyser until no light was reflected from the face of the prism, but light was still transmitted through the analyser. By slight changes of the incident angle on the face of the prism and the angle of the analyser to minimise the transmission, we found the transmission axis of the Polaroid analyser. We found the degree of polarisation of linearly polarised light using the set up in Figure 3, by rotating the analyser through 360 º and noting the transmitted intensity detected by the light detector and multi-meter in volts. Plotting the intensity as a function of angle and comparing it to a theoretical plot of transmission from Malus’ Law, we also found the angle at which the laser beam was polarised. Using the set up shown in Figure 4 we found the transmission axes of the quarter-wave plate. With the analyser set to an angle perpendicular to the angle of polarisation of the laser beam (i.e. a minimum intensity), transmitted intensity was measured for angles between 0 and 360 º of the quarter-wave plate. The minima of this dependence correspond to the transmission angles of the quarter-wave plate. Once the transmission axes were found, the quarter-wave plate was set to an angle of one of the transmission axes plus 45 º to give circularly polarised light. The intensity was measured as a function of the angle of the analyser. This was used to find the degree of polarisation of circularly polarised light by rotating the analyser through angles from 0 to 360 º. Finally we tested for a theoretical value of elliptical degree of polarisation of 0.65 by turning the quarter-wave plate 22.7 º past one of the transmission axes and once again rotating the analyser through 360 º and measuring intensities to give an experimental degree of polarisation. The error in the analyser angle and quarter-wave plate angle was determined by observing the range of angles over which the intensity did not change. This was  ±2 º in both cases, and when both the analyser and quarter-wave plate were on the optical bench this gave a combined error of  ±4 º. The ambient light reading was taken to eliminate a systematic error in intensity readings. This was found to be 0.00 V. Experimental Results The degree of polarisation of the analyser is 0.98 ±0.03 from the maximum and minimum intensities in Figure 5 and equation (2). The error comes from the uncertainty in the measurement of the intensity. The angle of polarisation of laser beam is 10 ±2 º. This was determined from the angle difference between the experimental data and the theoretical plot of Malus’ law. The error is given by the error in analyser angle. The transmission axis of the analyser runs from 170 º to 350 º  ±2 º, this is given by the maxima of the experimental data in Figure 5. The transmission axes of the quarter-wave plate are 20 ±4 º to 200 ±4 º and 110 ±4 º to 290 ±4 º from the minima in Figure 6, corrected for the angle of polarisation of the laser beam. The degree of polarisation of circularly polarised light is 0.18 ±0.03 from the maximum and minimum intensities in Figure 7. Theoretically the quarter-wave plate should be at one of its transmission axes plus 23 ±2 º for a degree of polarisation of 0.65. At this angle the experimental degree of polarisation was 0.59 ±0.03 from the maximum and minimum intensities in Figure 8. Discussion The error in the sensitivity of the polariser and quarter-wave plate are much greater than the accuracy of the scales on the polariser and quarter-wave plate. The errors are found to be  ±2 º for each, while the accuracy of the scale is  ±0.5 º. This is far too small because intensity did not change over such a small change in angle. One possible reason for such a large difference between theory and experimental values for degree of polarisation for the case of elliptical polarisation, 9.2%, is that the quarter-wave plate was designed to give a phase difference of Ï€/2 for a specific wavelength of light due to the dependence of refractive index on wavelength. The wavelength of our laser was not the same as this design. The difference could be reduced by using a more suitable laser or quarter-wave plate. The theoretical degree of polarisation for circular polarisation settings of the quarter-wave plate and analsyer is 0, compared to the 0.18 ±0.03 found experimentally. Similarly, the analyser was not ideal, imperfectly blocking components perpendicular to the transmission axis. The theoretical degree of polarisation for the analyser is 1, while experimentally we found it to be 0.98 ±0.03. The contribution to the error from the quarter-wave plate is therefore larger than that from the analsyer. There are two possible reasons for imperfect circular polarisation. The first of these is that the quarter-wave plate was set to the wrong angle, not at 45 º to a transmission axis. This would lead to an error in the degree of polarisation of approximately twice the error in the angle, or approximately 4. This is far too large for our degree of polarisation and therefore unlikely, since the difference between theory and experiment is only 0.18. The other reason is that the quarter-wave plate did not shift the phase of one component of polarisation by Ï€/2. Then the difference is approximately the difference between the theoretical phase difference and the actual phase difference. This is the more likely case, as discussed above, the quarter-wave plate is designed for a specific wavelength of light. Conclusions We investigated three types of polarisation of light using an analyser and a quarter-wave plate. We found degrees of polarisation for each type, and compared them to their theoretical values. This gave us an idea about the quality and suitability of the analyser and quarter-wave plate for our laser, with the quarter-wave plate contributing the largest amount to the difference between the theoretical and experimental polarisations. In the process of finding these values we also determined the transmission axes of the analyser and the of the quarter-wave plate. Appendix Derivation of the angel of the quarter-wave plate for degree of polarisation 0.65 From equation (2): , (3) , (4) From (3) and (4), , (5) where is the angle offset from the transmission axes of the quarter-wave plate and is the component of the electric field vector. This gives us, from equations (1) and (5), . (6) References [1]C. A. Skinner, The polarimeter and its practical applications, Journal of the Franklin Institute, vol. 196, pp. 721-750, 1923. [2]P. A. Tipler and G. Mosca, Physics for scientists and engineers : with modern physics, 2008. 1

Down Syndrome Essay -- Biology Biological Medical Essays

Down Syndrome They used to be called "Mongoloids," an ethnic insult coined by John Langdon Down, an English physician during the nineteenth century. But now they are known as people, individuals with a condition known as Down syndrome. (3). It wasn't until the 1960s that Jerome Lejeune and Patricia Jacobs discovered the cause of Down syndrome (also called trisomy 21). But with technological advancements within the scientific community, more and more information has been gathered about the condition that affects about one in every one thousand children born around the world. (4). Research shows that Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused by certain chromosomal abnormalities. Chromosomes within cells are composed of proteins and genetic information in the form of DNA. Human cells normally contain 23 pairs of chromosomes to make a total of 46 chromosomes in each cell. When sex cells (eggs and sperm) divide through the process of meiosis, one cell splits into two parts so that each of the resulting cells only has 23 chromosomes, rather than 46. But many errors can occur during cell division. During meiosis, the chromosomes are supposed to split and go to different areas of the cell. This step in the process of meiosis is called disjunction. But sometimes during cell division, a chromosome will not detach and it will stay with its pair chromosome. This results in one of the new cells having 24 chromosomes and the other having only 22 chromosomes. An error such as this is called nondisjunction. If a cell with this error mates with a normal cell, the fert ilized egg will end up with an uneven number of chromosomes. (3). In the instance of Down syndrome, 95 percent of all cases are caused by nondisjunction, and 90 p... ... some cells, researchers get closer and closer each year to discovering the mystery of trisomy 21. With every new development, and with increased education and research, the quality of life improves for the people who, not long ago, were exiled from society for being "different" from other people. Internet Sources: 1)"Prenatal Screening for Down Syndrome", http://www.ds-health.com/prenatal.htm 2)"Comprehensive Speech and Language Treatment for Infants, Toddlers, and Children with Down Syndrome", http://www.ds-health.com/speech.htm 3)"Trisomy 21: The Story of Down Syndrome", http://www.ds-health.com/trisomy.htm 4)Down Syndrome: Background Information", http://www.nas.com/downsyn/faq1.html 5)About Down Syndrome", http://www.ndss.org/aboutds/aboutds.html#PPgenetic 6)About Down Syndrome http://www.ndss.org/aboutds/aboutds.html#PPmedical

Facilitating the Transfer of Knowledge to Long-Term Memory

Recommend key Instructional strategies geared toward facilitating the transfer of knowledge to long-term memory. Next, suggest approaches that instructors may use In order to compensate for the challenges of storage Information storage and retrieval that occur with age. A key Instructional strategy geared toward facilitating the transfer of knowledge to long-term memory would be to develop a lesson plan that accommodates all learning styles. The lesson plan should relate to all students from experiences which would trigger long term feeling, emotions and thoughts.This would help when it comes to facilitating learning. An approach I would suggest would be before every lesson has the learners write out some of their most memorable memories that they have experience in life and incorporate those memories into learning which would compensate for the challenges of storage information and retrieval that occur with age. From the e-Actually, compare the results of the two (2) quizzes / tests that you have taken. Dullness's the common thread(shore lack thereof?that the results yielded. Next, suggest which type of knowledge?I. , procedural or procedural?would yield the best results with an adult learner like you. Provide a rationale for your response. Http://move. Utopia. Org/multiple-intelligences-assessment Interpersonal This test showed that my learning style closely correspond with the interpersonal intelligences. I agree with this test because I am aware of my feelings and others feeling. Also I am an introvert. I have all these thoughts, feelings and emotions bottles up Inside and at times are afraid to share them with others because I'm not ere how they would react to them.I prefer being alone because I like focusing on myself and Improving myself as a person. I enjoy being alone that give me time to plan my next move and strategies on how I want things to go. So I agree with the test http://www. Bark-learn. Com/English/results. Asp Kinesthesia: 13 This shows that I'm was a kinesthesia learning and I wasn't quite aware of it. I agree with this to a certain extent. I'm not good at sports but I am in touch with my hand eye coordination and have quick reactions. And at times I have a high level of energy.But while in high school and undergrad I never participated in any sports other than trying out for cheerleaders. But while in my sports class I found that I was pretty good at playing volleyball. After being In so many classes throughout my life I've found that I learn more through visual aid. By seeing how to figure out formulas or given examples on how to write papers I've become successful at learning and processing information. So I enjoy lectures, step by step pictures and charts and

Impact of producing goods and services in the market and protect the environment Essays

Impact of producing goods and services in the market and protect the environment Essays Impact of producing goods and services in the market and protect the environment Essay Impact of producing goods and services in the market and protect the environment Essay Introduction Administrations do non work in separately and need to see that doing money is non the lone aim of the being of the administration. They need to see the impact of bring forthing goods and services in the market and protect the environment, understand the demand of our environing society, clients, provider, authorities houses, revenue enhancement governments and anyone who is affected by their determination in the concern universe. Therefore concern does nt be in isolation and non they should concentrate on doing money merely, but they need to believe of their concern determinations and their production method on the stakeholders. Stakeholders can be anyone in the market who is related to administration and will be affected by the administrations schemes or the determinations. Therefore schemes need to be acceptable to all stakeholders and the investors. This is because employees depend on your concern of the administration. Employees need reasonably paid occupations, and clients, prov iders and the local community are all affected by the administrations determinations and activities and impact of productions of good and providing of services on the environment. . Corporate societal duty ( CSR ) is to understand that administrations have more responsibilities, and how their concern are act uponing the universe by their strategic determination about how to do net income in the market and how to assist their employees to give the good money. Therefore they need to believe how they should be after their schemes which will hold less or nil consequence on their stakeholder and their environment and positive impact of their activities on the economic system. I do non hold with the statement This type of activity is frequently regarded as nil more than expensive PR and that it adds no existent value to society or return on investing for the stockholders due to the undermentioned construct. What is corporate societal duty? Is a company responsible to the Society? What is CSR Explained by CAROL Model Develop CSR Policy Is company responsible to the society? Yes: Because of Enlighten Self Interest NO: Arguments by Freidman Yes: Because of Enlightened Self -Interest A corporation has the same rights and duties as a human being. A corporation perceived as ethically sound are rewarded with more clients Employees are more affiliated to work and more committed to socially responsible companies Positive part to the society may be a long term investing in a safer, better educated and more just community create more stable context in which to make the concern Benefits Increase in clients Addition in employees = Increase in net income Addition in Shareholders Wealth Decrease in negative promotion Dangers Un ethical behaviors likely to open up in future and company may hold job in run intoing their liabilities for incorrect behaviors Companies may non be able to acquire loan due to un-ethical behaviors NO: Arguments by Freidman Freidman says that a company has no duty outside of doing net income because of the followers: Merely human being have moral duties e.g. companies do non hold feelings Government is responsible for the societal issues It is directors responsibility to move entirely in the involvement of the Stockholders CSR make manager generous for person else money What is CSR Explained by CAROL Model Corporate societal duty is to give stakeholder more their outlook. Carol Model is the best account of CSR theory. Philanthropic Desired by the Society Economic Legal Ethical Expected by the Society Required by the society Economic: Stockholders need / desired a sensible net income and return on their investing Employees want reasonably paid occupation with occupation security so that they can back up their demands and households Customers want and demand choice merchandise at a just monetary value ( Value for money ) Legal: The last is a baseline for operating within the society It is an acceptable regulation books for companies operation Ethical: To travel beyond the jurisprudence To make what is right, merely and just e.g. paying more than minimal rewards, brant spare disposal etc Philanthropic: Discretionary behaviors to better the lives of others Charitable contributions Sponsorships Bettering communities CSR means administration needs to take sensible actions, traveling beyond the minimal legal demands and follow those rules and schemes that are good for the administration in long tally and benefit to the society. Developing CSR policies: Classify Stake holders Importance of each stakeholders group ( utilizing Mandelow matrix ) Needs of Stakeholders Actions Re-actions Defense mechanism Adjustment Pro-action There are many benefits of going socially responsible for concerns which have been explained below: Corporate societal duty and administrations Corporate societal duty ( CSR ) can hold impact and influence what a concern bash and hold influence on everything they deal with. An administration needs to see the followers: The choice of provider and dealing and dialogues with providers. This can be best explain by the test of those provider who are non taking attention of the environment such as bring forthing goods and services in the manner which has impact on the environment e.g. non utilizing an up-to-date engineering which can bring forth goods and services with less pollution in the environment, a provider who is working labors by non supplying appropriate wellness and safety at work topographic point, non paying their worker appropriate rewards etc. Covering and supplying appropriate installations to employees. This is run intoing, necessary demands and demand of employees such as paying more than minimal pay rate, better occupation security and occupation safety which is the chief duty of the socially responsible administration. The concern schemes and their action affect the local communities and what actions an administrations must make if there is an impact on the local communities. The concluding 1 is what will be affect of the administration s determination and schemes will impact on the environments and how it can utilize its resources more expeditiously and waste, pollution that harm to environment and this is no in the best involvement of the administrations long term viability. CSR is non merely being societal and companies do non do net income. CSR aid administration to better their public presentations. This is a long term planning to the society which gives a suited context in which an administration can cut down their cost such as otiose energy and or cut downing H2O waste etc by following new Torahs and limitations. A societal responsible company will be conveying more clients more employees and this will better public presentation in short tally and in long tally every bit good. This can besides cut down dysfunctional behavior of single directors in a divisionalised administration by doing determination which is in the best involvement of the organisation as whole and is better for community and society within which administration operation. Corporate societal duty ( CSR ) is non merely about making the right thing. It means acting responsibly, and besides covering with providers who do the same. It besides offers direct concern benefits. Constructing a repute as a responsible concern sets you apart. Companies frequently favour providers who demonstrate responsible policies, as this can hold a positive impact on how they are perceived by clients. Some clients do nt merely prefer to cover with responsible companies, but insist on it. The Co-operative Group, for case, topographic point a strong accent on its corporate societal duty and publishes detailed warts and all studies on its public presentation on a broad scope of criteriaA from animate being public assistance to salt degrees in its pizzas. Focus on societal responsibilityA Schemes Taking a responsible attack to concern has been a steering rule of The Co-operative since its origin. Today co-operative Valuess and Principles resound strongly with up to day of the month thoughts of corporate duty. When sing these issues, the concern is antiphonal to the positions of its stakeholders, peculiarly members and clients. Cardinal developments: 2009 Launch of a Community Plan following member audience. The Plan sets out three precedences for community investing: inspiring immature people, undertaking planetary poorness and battling clime alteration. Roll-out of The Co-operative Food Ethical Policy to former Somerfield merchandises as they were rebranded during 2009, and extension of Co-operative scopes, including Fair-trade, to former Somerfield shops. Launch of a new Bank Ethical Policy following client audience ; assets and liabilities of former Britannia besides became capable to the Ethical Policy following the amalgamation. Community Investment Background It is estimated that, in recent old ages, British concerns have donated in the part of ?1.4bn yearly to good causes, through hard currency and other types of support. Though this figure was expected to fall in 2009, the bulks of big concerns now recognizes community investing as portion of their overall attack to concern duty and have squads and budgets that support such activity. For some, community investing is characterized by philanthropic giving with the outlook of small in return, whilst others use such programmes to achieve commercial advantage or make a societal licence to run. Indexs Community parts: per centum pre-tax net income Employee clip: yearss contributed Leverage Targets 2009 Review current Co-operative activity back uping immature people, and develop an inspiring immature people scheme this is on path Raise ?2m for The Co-operative Charity of the Year, RNID mark achieved Complete development of a new biennial grant-making scheme for The Co-operative Foundation by the terminal of2009 mark achieved Supply fiscal support, through the Co-operative Membership Community Fund, to a lower limit of 1,000 community groups across the UK, numbering at least ?850,000 during 2009- close to aim Trial a new methodological analysis to measure community investing impacts across a lower limit of three major community coders on path Targets 2010 Launch and implement an inspiring immature people scheme. Identify four charity spouses for The Co-operative Foundation ; one each in Manchester, Glasgow, Bristol and London, which can carry through the purposes and aims of the Truth about Youth plans. Supply fiscal support, through the Community Fund, to a lower limit of 1,000 community groups across the UK, numbering at least ?850,000 during 2010. Assess community investing impacts across a lower limit of three major community programmes. International development and human rights Background When undertaken equitably, and with regard for human rights, trade has an alone capacity to raise people out of poorness and enhance quality of life across the universe. The daily force per unit areas of concern Competition and bulk client buying behaviour, together with the political, cultural and socio-economic background of many states, do nevertheless do advancement on development and the confidence of nice labor criterions really disputing. It is estimated that the support of about three billion people, or half of the universe s population, is made secure by co-operative endeavor, which straight employs an estimated 100 million workers ; more than all the universe s transnational companies. Indexs Fair-trade scope and gross revenues value Improvement actions resolved Supplier capacity edifice Microfinance support Support for abroad co-operatives and development undertakings Targets 2009 Sustain at least 20 % year-on-year gross revenues growing of Fair-trade merchandises in The Co-operative Food in 2009 mark achieved Commence H2O entree, sanitation and renewable energy undertaking with Fair-trade sugar cane manufacturer communities in southern Malawi during 2009 mark achieved Guarantee The Co-operative Food s own-brand tier-one production sites complete a self-assessment on work with providers to come on disciplinary actions originating during 2009 stopping point to aim Widen awareness-raising and preparation Sessionss on echo sourcing for The Co-operative Food providers, with a focal point on North Africa, South Africa, China and the UK during 2009 on path Work with providers of The Co-operative Clothing to come on disciplinary actions during 2009, following the roll-out of Sedex ( Supplier Ethical Data Exchange ) to all abroad tier-one production sites mark achieved Develop a Fair-trade cotton merchandise offering from The Co-operative Clothing during 2009 mark achieved Increase the figure of Travelife-accredited belongingss, used for The Co-operative Travel s own-brand vacations, to 25 by the terminal of 2009 behind agenda Launch two new microfinance strategies via The Co-operative Bank during 2009 behind agenda Establish one manufacturer co-operative for tea smallholder husbandmans in the Kericho country of Kenya, with support from The Co-operative College UK and The Co-operative College Kenya on path Targets 2010 Ensure all Co-operative Food own-brand tier-one production sites identified as high hazard, as at terminal September 2010, have a valid independent audit in 2010. Extend preparation Sessionss and awareness-raising on sound sourcing for The Co-operative Food providers, with a focal point on the UK, China, Italy, Kenya, Thailand and South Africa. Supply labor criterions developing to all relevant Co-operative Clothing merchants in 2010 and guarantee that systems to supervise labour criterions are actively managed throughout 2010. Increase the figure of Travelife-accredited belongingss, used for The Co-operative Travel s own-brand vacations, to 25 by the terminal of 2010. Commence a undertaking with The Travel Foundation to make supply links between agricultural co-operatives and hotels used by The Co-operative Travel in Turkey. Introduce an affinity merchandise in The Co-operative Pharmacy that supports overseas development during 2010. Establish a new microfinance strategy via The Co-operative Bank during 2010. To profit Fair-trade sugar manufacturer communities in Malawi, guarantee bing damaged boreholes are repaired, over 300 new latrines are constructed and over 50,000 trees are planted by terminal 2010. Commence H2O entree, sanitation and renewable energy undertaking with Fair-trade banana co-operative Communities in Panama during 2010. Successfully set up two pilot funeral co-operatives in South Africa. Ethical finance Indexs Ethical finance: The Co-operative Bank Socially responsible investing: The Co-operative Asset Management Targets 2009 Devise and implement a Co-operative Investments stockholder battle programme on the effects of neonicotinoid pesticides on bee population diminution mark achieved The Co-operative Investings to establish two new ethically screened investing financess mark achieved See the development of an agreement whereby a tax write-off is made, at CFS cost, from international payments fees, in order to back up support of The Co-operatives international development activities on path See a typical societal and ethical consumer proposition for the general insurance concern buttocks agenda Targets 2010 The Co-operative Asset Management ( TCAM ) to incorporate clime alteration impacts into fund analysis on all nucleus equity investings. TCAM to co-file stockholder declarations at Royal Dutch Shell plc and BP plc sing pitch littorals operations. See a typical societal and ethical consumer proposition for the general insurance concern. Establish a Social Banking Unit to convey together banking services for the environmental, societal and charity sectors. ( Re. : hypertext transfer protocol: //www.co-operative.coop/corporate/Sustainability/social-responsibility/ ) The above practical test demo how co-operative is being successful in accomplishing its mark and keeping its growing and profitableness. Decrease of resources used for the productions and proviso of services and waste minimization do non merely assist environment but besides it reduces cost for the concern. A research shows that an administration can salvage 5 % to 10 % of its gross by understating waste and effectual usage of energy in their concern. Due to a waste bulk of the benefit non merely private administration are happening the manner which will cut down its impact on the environment but besides public sector besides traveling toward salvaging energy, utilizing minimal resorts like C decrease and etc to accomplish value for money in supplying services to communities and occupants in the local communities. Reducing wastes salvaging energy, cut downing disposal cost is non difficult, it may look expensive but it can convey a long term sustainable uninterrupted cost decrease benefit and better profitableness which server the best involvement of long term aim of Shareholders wealth, which is maximization of stockholder s wealth. There are assorted counsel on www.businesslink.gov.uk web site on how save money by cut downing waste and utilize your resources more expeditiously. Save money by cut downing waste Resource productiveness means pull outing the most value from resources, doing the best usage of renewable resources and understating waste produced. It has the possible to drive down costs by cut downing waste and pollution and will make chances for growing through procedure and merchandise invention. Business benefits of cut downing your waste Immediate cost nest eggs can be achieved by: reexamining your activities and procedures and doing simple alterations such as printing or photocopying on both sides of the paper planing packaging so that it can be reused recycling any waste you produce until it no longer has any value and so recycling the stuffs The punishments for neglecting to pull off environmental hazards decently can besides be significant. You could see harm to your repute, break to your concern or fiscal punishments ( Ref. : www.businesslink.gov.uk ) Reduce your packaging waste A high proportion of waste is really boxing. Advanced design can intend that the sum used is reduced and that all packaging can be reused or at least recycled. Using the lower limit and most efficient packaging will increase your fight and salvage you money, every bit good as pulling environmentally-aware consumers Other ways of bettering packaging usage are: utilizing recycled stuffs where possible planing the packaging utilizing the least sum of stuffs necessary recycling your ain packaging to make new packaging or in other countries of your concern ( Ref. : www.businesslink.gov.uk ) Cut waste in production procedures Waste originating from your production procedure can hold a important consequence on your profitableness. The challenge is to cut down this waste without destabilization the effectivity of the procedure. Common things you might make to better the efficiency of your production procedure and cut down waste include: recycling rinse H2O in chilling systems on a regular basis look intoing that equipment is right calibrated cut downing unneeded arrests in a production line upgrading or replacing old equipment understating spills or leaks Using sealed systems to let all the waste to be collected in one topographic point, without escape, so that every bit much waste as possible can be reused, recycled or disposed of right. An effectual waste minimization programme scrutinises the whole concern from merchandise design to providers, production patterns to disposal. It will besides enable you to understate the different input resources, including H2O and energy, chemicals and dissolvers, and paper and electrical equipment. ( Ref. : www.businesslink.gov.uk ) Reduce your usage of natural stuffs While recycling waste is an of import portion of any waste direction scheme, it is nt plenty. Waste needs to be designed out of the system at beginning, and what can non be designed out should be reused. Developing better closed loop systems where waste is treated as a resource eliminates the demand for fresh resources and waste disposal. If you re a maker, utilizing natural stuffs more expeditiously can convey important cost nest eggs and environmental benefits. To make this, you should look at all facets of your production procedure, including transit and repositing. ( Ref. : www.businesslink.gov.uk ) Reduce waste in your office The best manner to cut down office waste is non to bring forth it in the first topographic point. Before doing a purchase, inquire yourself if you need to purchase the goods or stuffs, or if you are purchasing extra sums. You could besides: ask providers to utilize less to a great extent packaged merchandises and to take away extra packaging when they deliver reuse or recycle paper, pressman toner and ink cartridges you would usually throw away alter your pressmans scenes to publish in double-sided format and see publishing internal paperss in draft quality cancel debris mail and unwanted publications contact the transmitter straight and inquire them to take you from their mailing list usage electronic communicating where possible to cut down facsimiling and publishing encourage staff non to publish out paperss and electronic mails unless perfectly necessary recycle paper that has merely been printed on one side for bill of exchange or scrap message tablets reuse envelopes if possible, for illustration to direct internal mail donate surplus card or coloured paper to your local school or babys room Ensure that you do non go forth visible radiations, warming and equipment on unnecessarily. This can add important costs to your concern. ( Ref. : www.businesslink.gov.uk ) There are other benefits excessively: A good repute makes it easier to enroll employees. Employees may remain longer, cut downing the costs and break of enlisting and retraining. Employees are better motivated and more productive. CSR helps guarantee you comply with regulative demands. Activities such as engagement with the local community are ideal chances to bring forth positive imperativeness coverage. Good relationships with local system make making concern easier. See the page in this usher on how to work with the local community. Understanding the broad impact of your concern can assist you develop new merchandises and services. CSR can do you more competitory and reduces the hazard of sudden harm to your repute ( and gross revenues ) . Investors recognise this and are more willing to finance you. ( Ref. : www.businesslink.gov.uk ) How concern can impact the environment Administration may impact its stakeholders such as employees, clients, providers and the local community, authorities and other stakeholders who have some kind of involvement in the administration including impact on the environment. If an administration will hold attention for the environment it will increase its public presentation and hence gross as many clients will wish to purchase from responsible companies and many employees want to work for those companies who care about the environment in which they live and operate. This is a positive long term, sustainable betterment. There are all kinds of ways in which you can cut down the environmental impact of your concern. For illustration: making reclaimable goods Using recycled stuffs and sustainable lumber understating packaging purchasing locally to salvage fuel costs making an fuel-efficient and efficient distribution web working with providers and distributers who take stairss to understate their environmental impact usage energy rescuer tubing visible radiations to salvage electricity. How can organisation cover reasonably and moderately with their clients? Administration can better their productiveness by working closely with their clients and cover them in a sensible and just manner so that their aims can be met and administration s aims are besides achieved. As we know that client wants a sensible quality merchandise at a just monetary value. To accomplish this administration demand to cover with their clients in the undermentioned manner: Selling is the chief of import portion of the concern. Organisation need to to do certain that their selling stuffs are in simple English and do non conceal anything in the little print, which is frequently the catching point and binding up clients in a longer contract or in some kind of other understanding. Administrations need to be honorable and take stairss with societal consideration in head. This will accomplish more client grasp and their trueness. How can organisation cover reasonably and moderately with their Supplier Organisation need to be really careful when choice their provider, they need to maintain in head corporate societal duty ( CSR ) and select those provider who are local and this aid to back up community and besides reduces the energy wasted and C emanations from bringings. This besides includes the followers: Examination of their employment policy. Examination of wellness and safety and environmental patterns. Organisation need to handle their providers reasonably, paid them on clip can do a large difference to them. Work with the local community Working with your local community brings a broad scope of benefits. For many concerns, local clients are an of import beginning of gross revenues. By bettering your repute, you may happen it easier to enroll employees. A good relationship with local governments can besides do your life easier. For illustration, some local governments prefer to present contracts to concerns with a record of community engagement. There are many ways to acquire involved. Some concerns choose to back up a local charity, or patronize a local event. It makes commercial sense to acquire involved in an activity related to your merchandise. This lets you utilize your expertness every bit good as demoing the human face of your concern. For illustration, some eating houses provide nutrient to local homeless groups, while builders may give free labor and stuffs to community undertakings. Benefit from corporate societal duty Make the most of your corporate societal duty ( CSR ) actions by advertising them. Ensure that clients, providers and the local community know what you are making. CSR lends itself to good intelligence narratives. Promotion like this can be a cardinal portion of utilizing CSR to win contracts. Peoples want to purchase from concerns they respect. CSR can be peculiarly effectual for aiming ethical companies, the populace sector and not-for-profit administrations. At the same clip, you should see CSR as portion of a go oning procedure of constructing long-run value. Everything you do should assist better your repute and encourage clients and other stakeholders toA stay involved with you. A concern that buys recycled paper but exploits its clients and ignores the community has missed the point. ( Ref. : www.businesslink.gov.uk ) Decision